2017-18 HSC Section 4 Green Book

S.W. Delaney

Conclusion

9. Spinelli G, Lazzeri D, Arcuri F, et al. Closed reduction of the isolated anterior frontal sinus fracture via percutaneous screw placement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 44 :79 e 82 . 10. Piccolino P, Vetrano S, Mundula P, et al. Frontal bone frac- tures: new technique of closed reduction. J Craniofacial Surg 2007; 18 (3):695 e 8 . 11. Sakat MS, Kilic K, Altas E, et al. Comminuted frontal sinus fracture reconstructed with titanium mesh. J Craniofacial Surg 2016; 27 (2):e207 e 208 . 12. Rodriguez ED, Stanwix MG, Nam AJ, et al. Twenty-six e year experience treating frontal sinus fractures: a novel algo- rithm based on anatomical fracture pattern and failure of conventional techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122 : 1850 e 66 . 13. Olson EM, Wright DL, Hoffman HT, et al. Frontal sinus frac- tures: evaluation of CT scans in 132 patients. Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13 :897 e 902 . 14. Yavuzer R, Sari A, Kelly CP, et al. Management of frontal sinus fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115 :79e e 93e . 15. McGraw-Wall B. Frontal sinus fractures. Fac Plast Surg 1998; 14 (1):59 e 66 . 16. Kalavrezos N. Current trends in the management of frontal sinus fractures. Injury 2004; 35 :340 e 6 . 17. Chen DJ, Chen CT, Chen YR, et al. Endoscopically assisted repair of frontal sinus fracture. J Trauma 2003; 55 :378 e 82 . 18. Cheney ML, Gliklich R, Li KK, et al. Midforehead incision: an approach to the frontal sinus and upper face. J Craniofacial Surg 1995; 6 (5):408 e 11 . 19. Mensink G, Zweers A, van Merkesteyn JP. Endoscopically assisted reduction of anterior table frontal sinus fractures. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg 2009; 37 :225 e 8 . 20. Hwang K, Song YB. Closed reduction of fracture anterior wall of the frontal bone. J Craniofac Surg 2005; 16 (1):120 e 2 . 21. Kim KS, Kim ES, Hwang JH, et al. Transcutaneous transfrontal approach through a small peri-eyebrow incision for the reduction of closed anterior table frontal sinus fractures. J Plastic Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63 :763 e 8 . 22. Strong EB. Endoscopic repair of anterior table frontal sinus fractures. Facial Plast Surg 2009; 25 (1):43 e 8 . 23. Park DH, Lee JW, Song CH, et al. Endoscopic application in aesthetic and reconstructive facial bone surgery. Plastic Reconstr Surg 1998; 102 (4):1199 e 209 . 24. Steiger JD, Chiu AG, Francis DO, et al. Endoscopic-assisted reduction of anterior table frontal sinus fractures. Laryngo- scope 2006; 116 :1936 e 9 . 25. Kim KK, Mueller R, Huang F, et al. Endoscopic repair of anterior table: frontal sinus fractures with a medpor implant. Otolar- yngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 136 :568 e 72 . 26. Reddy S, Khalifian S, Flores JM, et al. Clinical outcomes in cranioplasty: risk factors and choice of reconstructive mate- rial. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133 :864 e 73 . 27. Yaremchuk MJ. Facial skeleton reconstruction using porous polyethylene implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 : 1818 e 27 . 28. Arcuri F, Baragiotta N, Poglio G, et al. Post-traumatic defor- mity of the anterior frontal table managed by the placement of a titanium mesh via an endoscopic approach. Br J Oral Max- illofac Surg 2012; 50 :e53 e 54 . 29. Lee DW, Kim JY, Lew DH. Use of rapidly hardening hydroxy- apatite cement for facial contouring surgery. J Craniofacial Surg 2010; 21 (4):1084 e 8 . 30. Chen TM, Wang HJ, Chen SL, et al. Reconstruction of post- traumatic frontal-bone depression using hydroxyapatite cement. Ann Plastic Surg 2004; 52 (3):303 e 8 . 31. Honig JF, Merten HA, Nitsch A, et al. Contouring of cranial vault irregularities with hydroxyapatite cement: a clinical and experimental investigation. J Craniofac Surg 2005; 16 (3): 457 e 60 .

Isolated anterior table frontal sinus fractures can result in significant cosmetic deformity. Repair may take place in the acute setting, with the goal of fracture reduction with or without fixation, or in the delayed setting with the aim of camouflage, rather than reduction. The choice of surgical approach depends on fracture severity, complexity, patient comorbidities, and surgeon preference and experience. Improvement in endoscopic technology has created a paradigm shift to a less invasive approach to the frontal region, with considerably less morbidity than conventional open techniques. Surgeons performing endoscopic surgery still should be prepared to convert to an open approach if necessary. Regardless of approach, a detailed understand- ing of forehead anatomy is essential for recreating aesthetically pleasing premorbid contours.

Level of evidence

NA.

Conflicts of interest

None.

Funding/sponsors

None.

Acknowledgment

None.

References

1. Egemen O, Ozkaya O, Aksan T, et al. Endoscopic repair of isolated anterior table frontal sinus fractures without fixation. J Craniofacial Surg 2013; 24 (4):1357 e 60 . 2. Kim DW, Yoon ES, Lee BI, et al. Fracture depth and delayed contour deformity in frontal sinus anterior wall fracture. J Craniofacial Surg 2012; 23 (4):991 e 4 . 3. Rice DH. Management of frontal sinus fractures. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 12 :46 e 8 . 4. Strong EB, Sykes JM. Frontal sinus and nasoorbitoethmoid complex fractures. In: Papel ID, editor. Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery . 2nd ed. New York: Thieme; 2002. p. 747 e 58 . 5. McLaughlin RB, Rehi RM, Lanza DC. Clinically relevant frontal sinus anatomy and physiology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2001; 34 (1):1 e 22 . 6. Ridley MD, VanHook SM. Aesthetic facial proportions. In: Papel ID, editor. Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 2nd ed. New York: Thieme; 2002. p. 96 e 109 . 7. Orten SS, Hilger PA. Facial analysis of the rhinoplasty patient. In: Papel ID, editor. Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery . 2nd ed. New York: Thieme; 2002. p. 361 e 8 . 8. Nahum AM. The biomechanics of maxillofacial trauma. Clin Plast Sugr 1976; 2 (1):59 e 64 .

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