HSC Section 3 - Trauma, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine

VK Kapur, DH Auckley, S Chowdhuri, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Diagnostic Testing OSA

The performance of a hand-held clinical decision support system (assessing sleep behavior, breathing during sleep and daytime functioning) against PSG was evaluated in a study of veterans with ischemic heart disease. The system showed a high sensitivity of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.92 to 1.00) and a high specificity of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.66 to 0.97) 41 (see supplemental material, Table S34 ). The OSAS score involves assessment of the Friedman tongue position, tonsil size, and body mass index. In a sample of individuals suspected to have OSA, the sensitivity of the OSAS score was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.91) against PSG at an AHI > 5 cut = off, however; specificity was lower at 0.47 (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.56) with a high number of false positives in the low-risk group 39 (see supplemental material, Table S35 ). One study evaluating the performance of the Kushida Index against PSG showed a high sensitivity of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95 to 0.99) and high specificity of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.92 to 1.00) to detect AHI ≥ 5 (see supplemental material, Table S36 ). The quality of the evidence for other prediction tools ranged from low to high across different tools, diagnostic cutoffs, and risk groups after being downgraded due to imprecision and indirectness. O verall Q uality of E vidence : The quality of evi- dence for specific clinical tools, questionnaires and prediction algorithms ranged from very low to high after being down- graded due to imprecision, indirectness, and heterogeneity. However, due to the heterogeneity of the tools, questionnaires and prediction algorithms described above combined with the low likelihood that future research would result in a change of the accuracy of these tools, the TF determined that the overall quality of evidence for the recommendation against using clinical tools, questionnaires or predictive tools was moderate. B enefits versus H arms : These clinical tools, question- naires and prediction algorithms carry the risk of not captur- ing the diagnosis of OSA when indeed OSA is present. Given the downstream effects of false negative diagnostic results, this would translate into high levels of OSA-related decre- ments in QOL, morbidity, and mortality due to undiagnosed and untreated OSA. On the other hand, false positive results would result in unnecessary testing and treatment for sleep apnea. Therefore, the TF determined that the potential harms outweigh the potential benefits of using clinical tools, ques- tionnaires and prediction algorithms alone to diagnose OSA. P atients ’ V alues and P references : Evaluation with clinical tools, questionnaires or prediction algorithms may be less burdensome to the patient and physician, when compared to HSAT or PSG. However, this must be weighed against their low levels of accuracy and the likelihood of misdiagnosis. In contrast, PSG and HSAT require more resources and create more burden for the patient and physician; however, they pro- vide greater value in terms of higher diagnostic accuracy and therefore a higher likelihood that patients will receive appro- priate treatment. Based on its clinical judgment, the TF deter- mined that the vast majority of patients would not favor the

use of clinical questionnaires or prediction tools alone for the diagnosis of OSA. Home Sleep Apnea Testing for the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults Recommendation 2: We recommend that polysomnog- raphy, or home sleep apnea testing with a technically adequate device, be used for the diagnosis of OSA in un- complicated adult patients presenting with signs and symp- toms that indicate an increased risk of moderate to severe OSA. (STRONG) Recommendation 3: We recommend that if a single home sleep apnea test is negative, inconclusive or technically in- adequate, polysomnography be performed for the diagno- sis of OSA. (STRONG) Remarks: The following remarks are based on specifications used by studies that support these recommendation statements: An uncomplicated patient is defined by the absence of: 1. Conditions that place the patient at increased risk of non-obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (e.g., central sleep apnea, hypoventilation and sleep related hypoxemia). Examples of these conditions include significant cardiopulmonary disease, potential respiratory muscle weakness due to neuromuscular conditions, history of stroke and chronic opiate medication use. 2. Concern for significant non-respiratory sleep disorder(s) that require evaluation (e.g., disorders of central hypersomnolence, parasomnias, sleep related movement disorders) or interfere with accuracy of HSAT (e.g., severe insomnia). 3. Environmental or personal factors that preclude the adequate acquisition and interpretation of data from HSAT. An increased risk of moderate to severe OSA is indicated by the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness and at least two of the following three criteria: habitual loud snor- ing, witnessed apnea or gasping or choking, or diagnosed hypertension. HSAT is to be administered by an accredited sleep center under the supervision of a board-certified sleep medicine phy- sician, or a board-eligible sleep medicine provider. A single HSAT recording is conducted over at least one night. A technically adequate HSAT device incorporates a mini- mum of the following sensors: nasal pressure, chest and abdominal respiratory inductance plethysmography, and ox- imetry; or else PAT with oximetry and actigraphy. For addi- tional information regarding HSAT sensor requirements, refer to The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. 24 A technically adequate diagnostic test includes a minimum of 4 hours of technically adequate oximetry and flow data,

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2017

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