Section 4 Plastic and Reconstructive Problems
HANDL I NG BOTUL I NUM TOX I NS
69. Asher B, Talarico S, Casuto D, Escobar S, et al. International consensus recommendations on the aesthetic usage of botulinum toxin type A (Speywood Unit) – part I: upper facial wrinkles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24:1285–95. 70. Garcia A., Fulton J. Cosmetic denervation of muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin; a dose response study. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:39–43. 71. Fulton J. The Newport Beach experience. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24:1219–24. 72. Hankins CL, Strimling R, Rogers GS. Botulinum A toxin for glabellar wrinkles. Dose and response. Dermatol Surg 1998;24: 1181–3. 73. Hsu J, Dover J, Arndt K. Effect of volume and concentration on the diffusion of botulinum exotoxin A. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:1351–4. 74. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Cohen J. Dilution volume of botuli- num toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar rhytides: does it matter? Dermatol Surg 2007;33:S97–104. 75. Carruthers A, Bogle M, Carruthers JDA, Dover JS, et al. A ran- domized, evaluator-blinded, two-center study of the safety and effect of volume on the diffusion and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lateral orbital rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2007;33:567–71. 76. Prager W, Zschocke I, Reich C, Brocatti L, et al. Does dilution have an impact on cosmetic results with BoNT/A? Complex- protein-free BoNT/A for treatment of glabella lines. Hautarzt 2009;60:815–20. 77. Boyle MH, McGwin, Flanagan CE, Vicinanzo MG, et al. High versus low concentration botulinum toxin A for benign essential blepharospasm: does dilution make a difference? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;25:81–4. 78. Shaari CM, Sanders I. Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis. Muscle Nerve 1993;16:964–9. 79. Kim HS, Hwang JH, Jeong ST, Lee YT, et al. Effect of muscle activity and botulinum toxin dilution volume on muscle paralysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:200–6. 80. Shin HI, Han TR, Seo KI. Effects of dilution volume of botulinum toxin A. J Korean Acad Phys Med Rehab 2000;28:67. 81. Han TR, Shin HI, Han KH. Changes in compound muscle action potencials according to the dilution volume of BTX type A. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2001;25:273–7. (abstract). 82. Francisco GE, Boake C, Vaughn A. Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: a randomized trial com- paring dilution techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81: 355–63. 83. Gracies JM, Lugassy M, Weisz DJ, Vecchio M, et al. Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90:9–16. 84. Lee LR, Chuang YC, Yang BJ, Hsu MJ, et al. Botulinum toxin for lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: a single- blinded trial comparing dilution techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:766–73. 85. Hu GC, Chuang YC, Liu JP, Chien KL, et al. Botulinum toxin (Dysport) treatment of the spastic gastrocnemius muscle
50. Beer K. Potential foreign body emboli associated with botulinum toxin A injections. J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:220–1. 51. Setler P. The biochemistry of botulinum toxin type B. Neurology 2000;55:S22–8. 52. Hexsel DM, De Almeida AT, Rutowitsch M, De Castro IA, et al. Multicenter, double-blind study of the efficacy of injections with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted up to six consecutive weeks before application. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:523–9. 53. Lizarralde M, Gutierrez SH, Venegas A. Clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin type A reconstituted and refrigerated 1 week before its application in external canthus dynamic lines. Dermatol Surg 2007;33:1328–33. 54. Hui JI, Wendy WL. Efficacy of fresh versus refrigerated botulinum toxin in the treatment of lateral periorbital rhytids. Ophtalm Plastic Reconstruct Surg 2007;23:433–8. 55. Hexsel D, Rutowitsch MS, de Castro LC, do Prado DZ, et al. Blind multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of injections of a commercial preparation of botulinum toxin type A recon- stituted up to 15 days before injection. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:933–9. 56. Kane M. Discussion on reconstituted botulinum type A neuro- toxin: clinical efficacy after long-term freezing before use. Aesth Plast Surg 2007;31:192–3. 57. Elmas C, Ayhan S, Tuncer S, Erdogan D, et al. Effect of fresh and stored botulinum toxin A on muscle and nerve ultrastructure. Ann Plast Surg 2007;59:316–22. 58. Yang GC, Chiu RJ, Gillman GS. Questionning the need to use Botox within 4 hours of reconstitution: a study of fresh vs 2-week- old Botox. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2008;10:273–9. 59. Alam M, Yoo SS, Wrone DA, White LE, et al. Sterility assessment of multiple use botulinum A exotoxin vials: a prospective simulation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:272–5. 60. Menon J, Murray A. Microbial growth in vials of Botulinum toxin following use in clinic. Eye 2007;21:995–7. 61. Sadick N. The cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type B in the upper face. Clin Dermatol 2004;22:29–33. 62. Callaway J. Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc): phamacology and biochemistry. Clin Dermatol 2004;22:22–3. 63. Francisco GE. Botulinum toxin: dosing and dilution. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:S30–70. 64. Klein AW, Kreydenb OP. Storage and dilution of botulinum toxin. In: Kreyden OP, Bo¨ ni R, Burg G, editors. Hyperhidrosis and Botulinum Toxin in Dermatology, Vol. 30. Curr Probl Dermatol. Basel: Karger; 2002. p. 126–30. 65. Bakheit AM. The possible adverse effects of intramuscular botulinum toxin injections and their management. Curr Drug Safety 2006;1:271–9. 66. Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin in facial rejuvena- tion: an update. Dermatol Clin 2009;27:417–25. 67. Wollina U, Konrad H. Managing adverse events associated with botulinum toxin type A. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005;6: 141–50. 68. Mantel A. Dilution, storage, and electromyographic guidance in the use of botulinum toxins. Dermatol Clin 2004;22:135–6.
DERMATOLOG I C SURGERY
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