2017-18 HSC Section 3 Green Book

term vision preservation will result by earlier identifica- tion and treatment of ocular injury.

11. Kreidl KO, Kim DY, Mansour SE. Prevalence of significant intraocular sequelae in blunt orbital trauma. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:525–528. 12. Weymuller EA Jr. Blindness and Lefort III fractures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984;93:2–5. 13. Ioannides C, Treffers W, Rutten M, Noverraz P. Ocular injuries associated with fractures involving the orbit. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1988;16: 157–159. 14. Al-Qurainy IA, Titterington DM, Dutton GN, Stassen LF, Moos KF, El- Attar A. Midfacial fractures and the eye: the development of a system for detecting patients at risk for eye injury. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;29:363–367. 15. Dutton GN, Al-Qurainy I, Stassen LFA, Titterington DM, Moos KF, El-Attar A. Ophthalmic consequences of mid-facial trauma. Eye 1992;6: 86–89. 16. Guly GM, Guly HR, Bouamra O, Gray RH, Lecky FE. Ocular injuries in patients with major trauma. Emerg Med J 2006;23:915–917. 17. Rosado P, Vicente JC. Retrospective analysis of 314 orbital fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;113:168–171. 18. Smith H, Peek-Asa C, Nesheim D, Nish A, Normandin P, Sahr S. Etiology, diagnosis, and characteristics of facial fracture at a Midwestern level I trauma center. J Trauma Nursing 2012;19:57–65. 19. Vaca EE, Mundinger GS, Kelamis JA, et al. Facial fractures with concomi- tant open globe injury: Mechanisms and fracture patterns associated with blindness. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131:1317–1328. 20. Gonul E, Erdogan E, Tasar M, et al. Penetrating orbitocranial gunshot injuries. Surg Neurol 2005;63:24–30. 21. Petro J, Tooze FM, Bales CR, Baker G. Ocular injury associated with peri- orbital fractures. J Trauma 1979;19:730–732. 22. Williams JL, Rowe NL, eds. Rowe and Williams Maxillofacial Injuries, 2nd ed, Vol 1. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1994. 23. Karabekir HS, Gocmen-Mas N, Emel E, et al. Ocular and periocular inju- ries associated with an isolated orbital fracture depending on a blunt cranial trauma: anatomical and surgical aspects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012;40:189–193. 24. Jank S, Schuchter B, Emshoff R, et al. Clinical signs of orbital wall frac- tures as a function of anatomic location. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:149–153. 25. Fulcher TP, Sullivan TJ. Orbit roof fractures. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;19:359–363. 26. He D, Blomquist PH, Ellis E. Association between ocular injuries and internal orbit fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:713–720. 27. Stanley RB Jr, Sires BS, Funk GF, Nerad JA. Management of displaced lateral orbital wall fractures associated with visual and ocular motility disturbances. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:972–979. 28. Read RW, Sires BS. Association between orbital fracture location and ocu- lar injury: a retrospective review. J Cranio Maxillofac Trauma 1998;4: 10–15. 29. Shere JL, Boole JR, Holtel MR, Amoroso PJ. An analysis of 3599 midfacial and 1141 orbital blowout fractures among 4426 United States Army sol- diers, 1980–2000. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:164–170. 30. Barry C, Coyle M, Idrees Z, Dwyer MH, Kearns G. Ocular findings in patients with orbitozygomatic complex fractures: a retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66:888–892. 31. Jamal BT, Pfahler SM, Lane KA, et al. Ophthalmic injuries in patients with zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures requiring surgical repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:986–989. 32. Lauer SA, Snyder B, Rodriquez E, Adamo A. Classification of floor frac- tures. 1996:2:6–11. 33. Tsai HH, Jeng SF, Lin TS, Kueh NS, Hsieh CH. Predictive value of com- puted tomography in visual outcomes in indirect traumatic optic neurop- athy complicated with periorbital facial bone fractures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005;107:200–206. 34. Dancey A, Perry M, Silva DC. Blindness after blunt facial trauma: are there any clinical clues to early recognition? J Trauma 2005;58:328–335. 35. Ansari MH. Blindness after facial fractures: a 19-year retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2005;63:229–237.

CONCLUSION Concomitant ocular injury associated with orbit fracture is present in more than one-quarter of maxillo- facial trauma patients. Therefore, a comprehensive oph- thalmologic evaluation is recommended for all maxillofacial trauma patients. If ophthalmologic consul- tation is not available for every maxillofacial trauma patient, clues can be gathered from the history, physical exam, and radiographic images to elicit patients most likely to be at risk for globe injury. Patients who have a penetrating trauma mechanism of injury, a visual acuity deficit, an afferent pupillary defect, or a radiographic depth of fracture that involves the posterior third of the orbit are at highest risk for ocular injury. Ensuring that these patients in particular receive an ophthalmologic consultation is essential because they are at highest risk for globe injury. Acknowledgment Submitted as a requirement for fellowship in the Triologi- cal Society. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Girotto JA, Gamble WB, Robertson B, et al. Blindness after reduction of facial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:1821–1834. 2. Zacharides N, Papavassiliou D, Christopoulos P. Blindness after facial trauma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;81: 34–37. 3. Cruse CW, Blevins PK, Luce EA. Naso-ethmoid-orbital factures. J Trauma 1980;20:551–556. 4. Ugboko V, Udoye C, Ndukwe K, Amole A, Aregbesola S. Zygomatic com- plex fractures in a suburban Nigerian population. Dent Traumatol 2005; 21:70–75. 5. Nagase DY, Courtemanche DJ, Peters DA. Facial fractures- association with ocular injuries: a 13 year review of one practice in a tertiary care centre. Can J Plast Surg 2006;14:167–171. 6. Magarakis M, Mundinger GS, Kelamis JA, Dorafshar AH, Bojovic B, Rodriguez ED. Ocular injury, visual impairment, and blindness associ- ated with facial fractures: a systemic literature review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:227–233. 7. Cook MW, Levin LA, Joseph MP, Pinczower EF. Traumatic optic neuropa- thy: a meta-analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122: 389–392. 8. Chadwick J, Mann WN. The Medical Works of Hippocrates: A New Trans- lation From the Original Greek Made Especially for English Readers . London, UK: Blackwell Scientific; 1950. 9. Hippocrates, Coa praesagia , section 500, line 2. Courtesy of Nicholas T. Zervas, MD. Translated by Michael P. Joseph, MD, Boston, MA. 10. MacKinnon CA, Cooter D, Cooter RD. Blindness and severe visual impair- ment in facial fractures: an 11 year review. Brit J Plast Surg 2002;55: 1–7.

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