2017-18 HSC Section 3 Green Book

Therapy of caustic ingestion: new treatment considerations Shub

15. Fulton JA, Hoffman RS. Steroids in second degree caustic burns of the esophagus: a systematic pooled analysis of fifty years of human data: 1956- 2006. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45:402–408. 16. Pelclova´ D, Navra´til T. Do corticosteroids prevent oesophageal stricture after corrosive ingestion? Toxicol Rev 2005; 24:125–129. 17. & Usta M, Tu¨lay E, Cokugras FC, et al. High dose methylprednisolone in the management of caustic esophageal burns. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e1518– e1524. Prospective randomized study indicates that high doses of methylprednisolone may reduce stricture development in children with grade 2b esophageal burns. 18. & Demiro¨ren K, Kocamaz H, Dog˘ an Y. Gastrointestinal system lesions in children due to the ingestion of alkali and corrosive substances. Turk J Med Sci 2015; 45:184–190. Retrospective analysis of initial signs and symptoms, endoscopic findings and outcomes of 103 children with corrosive ingestion at a single center. 19. Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Agakidis CH, Chryssostomidou S, et al. Con- servative management of caustic substance ingestion in a pediatric depart- ment setting, short-term and long-term outcome. Dis Esophagus 2011; 24:86–91. 20. Lupa M, Magne J, Guarisco JL, Amedee R. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of caustic ingestion. Ochsner J 2009; 9:54–59. 21. Angel C, Wrenn E, Lobe T. Brain-abscess: an unusual complication of multiple esophageal dilatations. Pediatr Surg Int 1991; 6:42–43. 22. Cakal B, Akbal E, Ko¨klu¨ S, et al. Acute therapy with intravenous omeprazole on caustic esophageal injury: a prospective case series. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26:22–26. 23. Gun F, Abbasoglu L, Celik A, Salman ET. Early and late term management in caustic ingestion in children: a 16-year experience. Acta Chir Belg 2007; 107:49–52. 24. O¨ zokutan BH, Ceylan H, Ertas ¸ kın I˙ , Yapıcı S. Pediatric gastric outlet obstruction following corrosive ingestion. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:615– 618. 25. Bicakci U, Tander B, Deveci G, et al. Minimally invasive management of children with caustic ingestion: less pain for patients. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:251–255. 26. Bitalli P, Rossi A, Bini M, et al. Update on management of caustic and foreign body ingestion in children. Diagn Ther Endosc 2009; 2009:1–8. 27. Temiz A, Oguzkurt P, Ezer SS, et al. Long-term management of corrosive esophageal stricture with balloon dilation in children. Surg Endosc 2010; 24:2287–2292. 28. Uygun I, Arslan MS, Aydogdu B, et al. Fluoroscopic balloon dilatation for caustic esophageal stricture in children: an 8-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:2230–2234. 29. El-Amser KM. Topical mitomycin C application for esophageal stricture: safe, precise, and novel endoscopic technique. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1454– 1457. 30. El-Amser K, Hassan M, Abdelkader H, Hamza A. Topical mitomycin C application in management of localized caustic esophageal stricture: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1621–1627. 31. & El-Asmer KM, Hassan MA, Abdelkader HM, Hamza AF. Topical mitomycin C can effectively alleviate dysphagia in children with long-segment caustic esophageal strictures. Dis Esophagus 2014; Epub before print. Suggests promising results when mitomycin C is used with esophageal dilatation in the management of 21 children with long-segment caustic esophageal stric- tures. 32. Berger M, Ure B, Lacher M. Mitomycin C in the therapy of recurrent esophageal strictures: hype or hope? Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012; 22:109– 116. 33. Coln D, Chang JH. Experience with esophageal stenting for caustic burns in children. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21:588–591. 34. Atabek C, Surer I, Demirbag S, et al. Increasing tendency in caustic eso- phageal burns and long-term polytetrafluorethylene stenting on severe cases: 10 year experience. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:636–640. 35. Best C, Sudel B, Foker JE, et al. Esophageal stenting in children: indications, application, effectiveness, and complications. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70:1248–1253. 36. Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Devreker T, et al. A biodegradable esophageal stent in the treatment of a corrosive esophageal stenosis in a child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 42:254–257. 37. Karakan T, Utku OG, Dorukoz I, et al. Biodegradable stents for caustic esophageal strictures: a new therapeutic approach. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26:319–322. 38. & Ham YE, KimGH. Plastic and biodegradable stents for complex and refractory benign esophageal strictures. Clin Endosc 2014; 47:295–300. Good review of different types of esophageal stents and indications for and limitations of their use. 39. Treem WR, Long WR, Friedman D, Watkins JB. Successful management of an acquired gastric outlet obstruction with endoscopy guided balloon dilata- tion. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1987; 6:992–996. 40. Lee M. Caustic ingestion and upper digestive tract injury. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1547–1549.

accident. Because there are few good quality thera- peutic trials in children, the current recommen- dations regarding treatment are based on expert opinion and observational data. Large, prospective, multicenter, controlled treatment trials are needed to identify the best protocols to prevent serious complications associated with this challenging medical condition. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Gary Silber for reviewing the article.

Financial support and sponsorship None.

Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest.

REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as: & of special interest && of outstanding interest 1. Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, et al. 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52:1032–1283. 2. Kay M, Wyllie R. Caustic ingestion in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:651–654. 3. & Park KS. Evaluation and management of caustic injuries from ingestion of acid or alkaline substances. Clin Endosc 2014; 47:301–307. Good review article of caustic ingestion injury and management. 4. Kay M, Wyllie R. Caustic ingestions and the role of endoscopy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 68:434–439. 5. Temiz A, Oguzkurt P, Ezer SS, et al. Predictability of outcome of caustic ingestion by esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. World J Gastroen- terol 2012; 18:1098–1103. 6. & Boskovic A, Stankovic I. Predictability of gastroesophageal caustic injury from clinical findings: is endoscopy mandatory in children? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:499–503. Retrospective study, which indicates that clinical signs and symptoms following caustic ingestion are not predictors of severity of esophageal or gastric injury. 7. Bettali P, Falchettii D, Giuliani S, et al. Caustic ingestion in children: is endoscopy always indicated? The results of an Italian multicenter observa- tional study. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68:434–439. 8. & Bonnici KS, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Should computerized tomography replace endoscopy in the evaluation of symptomatic ingestion of corrosive sub- stances? Clin Toxicol 2014; 52:911–925. Review of 37 publications of adults and children with caustic ingestion and provides an algorithm for initial management. 9. Zargar SA, Kochhar R, Mehta S, Mehta SK. The role of fiberoptic endoscopy in the management of corrosive ingestion and modified endoscopic classi- fication of burns. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37:165–169. 10. Thompson JN. Corrosive esophageal injuries. I. A study of nine cases of concurrent accidental caustic ingestion. Laryngoscope 1987; 97:1060– 1068. 11. Uygun I, Aydogdu B, Okur MH, et al. Clinico-epidemiological study of caustic substance ingestion accidents in children in Anatolia: the DROOL score as a new prognostic tool. Acta Chir Belg 2012; 112:346–354. 12. & Millar AJW, Cox SG. Caustic injury of the esophagus. Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:111–121. Good review of current knowledge regarding treatment and surgical options for caustic injury of the esophagus. 13. Riffat F, Cheng A. Pediatric caustic ingestions: 50 consecutive cases and review of the literature. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22:89–94. 14. Bautista A, Tojo R, Varela R, et al. Effects of prednisolone and dexamethasone on alkali burns of the esophagus in rabbit. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 22:275–283.

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