2017-18 HSC Section 3 Green Book

Table 1 The cases from the systematic review with endoscopic versus open surgery versus no surgery

Study

Patient Age, y

Foreign Body

Path of the Foreign Body

Endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted surgery Bai et al., 5 2011

3 4

Scissors

Transnasal, transethmoid, intracranial

Burkhardt et al., 4 2012

Wooden toy rod

Medial orbit through the lamina, posterior ethmoid, contralateral sphenoid though the OCR then through the cavernous sinus adjacent to the ICA, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe Transnasal, transcribriform intracranial between the frontal lobes up to the third ventricle Through the nasal dorsum into the ethmoid and the maxillary sinus, no skull base or orbital injury Transmedial orbit, ethmoid, no dural breach Transnasal through the ethmoid into the sphenoid Transnasal, transphenoid sinus through the clivus in the medial occipital region Through the maxillary sinus, the ethmoid, sphenoid, and clivus just to the inner cortex Transorbital through medial orbit into ethmoid and sphenoid sinus Left oral cavity through the nasal cavity on the left, then through the septum to the right nasal cavity though the ethmoid sinus then intracranial through the ethmoid roof Transorbital through the medial orbit then the lateral nasal wall and into the inferior turbinate and floor of the nose Transmaxilla through the nose, bilateral ethmoids to the superolateral contralateral orbit and skull base Medial orbit, ethmoid, frontal sinus region back to the sphenoid Submental through the tongue and palate through the posterior ethmoids then intracranial through the skull base Through the medial orbit and through the ethmoid and sphenoid and cribriform adjacent to the clinoid process and optic canal Extended from the medial aspect of the left orbit, through the left ethmoid sinus and the nasal septum to the right sphenoid sinus through the lateral wall but did not penetrate the dura Transorbital through the ethmoid and intracranial Inferior medial orbit through the lamina through the posterior ethmoid into the sphenoid and clivus; no intracranial involvement Left medial orbit through the ethmoid, septum, ethmoid on the contralateral side into the orbit and then into the temporal lobe Transnasal through the ethmoid then the cribriform Between the medial canthus and nasion through the lamina through the ethmoid transcribriform Transorbital through the medial orbit into the ethmoid and orbital apex into the prepontine area Transnasal, transethmoid, septum through the tuberculum sellae into the prepontine region Through the maxillary sinus through the eye and orbital roof into the frontal lobe Transmaxillary and lower eyelid through the roof and posterior ethmoid intracranially through the posterior frontal wall Transnasal through the cribriform

Cetinkaya et al., 6 2006

4

Pencil

Dehgani Mobaraki et al., 12 2016

36

Nail

Dekker et al., 24 2014 Kitajiri et al., 26 2001

38 69 53

Brass eagle ornament

Bamboo stick Metal chopstick

Lee et al., 13 2011

Liebelt et al., 14 2016

42

Screwdriver

Mori et al., 21 1999

47

Numerous wooden pieces

Perakis and Woodard, 16 2010

21

Tree branch

Santoro et al., 28 2014

50

Branch

Schreckinger et al., 2 2011

21

Windshield wiper control stalk

42

Steel hook

Thomas et al., 15 2007

41

BB gun pellet

Tsao et al., 30 2006

45

Plastic chair glide

Wu et al., 33 1998

36

Pen

Open surgery

Cackett and Stebbing et al., 19 2005

20

Knife

Damm et al., 23 2015

3

Wooden branch

Davis et al., 11 2000

13

Pen

de Tribolet et al., 8 1979

8 2 7

Paintbrush

Fallon et al., 10 1992

Wooden stick

Kawamura et al., 17 1997

Wooden chopstick

Mzimbiri et al., 1 2016

50

Chopsticks

3

Chopstick

Scarfo et al., 20 1990

43

Metal piece from a harvester

Seex et al., 29 1997

71

Key

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy

43