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April 30, 2024. https://www.healthwatchusa.org/downloads/ CON_Folder/20070223-CON-Competition-Healthcare-Botti. pdf 22. Pub. L. 99-660, § 701, 100 Stat. 3799 . 1986. 23. 134 Cong. Rec. H9455-01 . 1988. 24. Mitchell M, Philpot A. Floridians will now have more access to greater quality, lower cost health care. The Bridge . Published June 27, 2019. Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.merca tus.org/bridge/commentary/floridians-will-now-have-more access-greater-quality-lower-cost-health-care 25. Mitchell M, Stratmann T, Bailey J. Raising the Bar: ICU Beds and Certificates of Need . Mercatus Center at George Mason University; 2020. Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.mer catus.org/publications/covid-19-crisis-response/raising-bar icu-beds-and-certificates-need 26. Mitchell M, Stratmann T. The economics of a bed short age: certificate-of-need regulation and hospital bed utiliza tion during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Risk Financ Manag . 2021;15(1):10. doi:10.3390/jrfm15010010 27. Erickson A. States are suspending Certificate of Need laws in the wake of COVID-19 but the damage might already be done . Pacific Legal Foundation. Published January 11, 2021. Accessed July 2, 2021. https://pacificlegal.org/certificate-of need-laws-covid-19/ 28. Mitchell M, Philpot A, McBirney J. CON Laws in 2020: About the Update . Mercatus Center at George Mason University; 2021. Accessed October 6, 2021. https://www.mercatus.org/publica tions/healthcare/con-laws-2020-about-update 29. Cavanaugh J, Brothers C, Griffin A, et al. Conning the Competition: A Nationwide Survey of Certificate of Need Laws . Institute for Justice; 2020. Accessed July 2, 2021. https:// ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Conning-the-Competition WEB-08.112020.pdf 30. Hoover K. Doctors challenge Virginia’s certificate-of-need requirement. The Business Journals . http://www.bizjournals. com/bizjournals/washingtonbureau/2012/06/05/doctors-chal lenge-virginias.html Published June 5, 2012. 31. Stratmann T, Monaghan S. The Effect of Interest Group Pressure on Favorable Regulatory Decisions: The Case of Certificate-of-Need Laws . Mercatus Center at George Mason University; 2017. Accessed January 31, 2018. https://www. mercatus.org/publications/interest-group-pressure-favorable regulatory-decisions-certificate-of-need 32. Sandefur T. State “competitor veto” laws and the right to earn a living: some paths to federal reform. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . 2015;38:1009-1072. 33. Ohlhausen MK, Luib GP. Brother, may I?: the challenge of competitor control over market entry. J Antitrust Enforc . 2016;4:133. doi:10.1093/jaenfo/jnv028 34. Dal Bo E. Regulatory capture: a review. Oxf Rev Econ Policy . 2006;22(2):203-225. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grj013 35. Hovenkamp B, Areeda DWCH, PE (eds.). Fundamentals of Antitrust Law , 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; 2020. 36. Chubb v. Noggle , 1:22-CV-3289-TWT (N.D. Ga. Feb. 24, 2023) 37. Ford JM, Kaserman DL. Certificate-of-need regulation and entry: evidence from the dialysis industry. South Econ J . 1993;59(4):783-791. doi:10.2307/1059739

3. National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974. 1975; Vol 88. 2225-2276. Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/ STATUTE-88-Pg2225.pdf 4. Shain M, Roemer M. Hospital costs relate to the supply of beds. Mod Hosp . 1959;92(4):71-73. 5. Obituary PD, Roemer MI. Pioneering UCLA Health Services Professor and Professional Who Defined Health Policy in U.S., Abroad . UCLA School of Public Health Press Release. Published January 8, 2001. Accessed April 30, 2024. https:// web.archive.org/web/20120304021055/http://www.ph.ucla. edu/pr/miroemer.html 6. Conover CJ, Bailey J. Certificate of need laws: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Health Serv Res . 2020;20(1):748. doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05563-1 7. Mitchell M, Philpot A, McBirney J. The State of Certificate of-Need Laws in 2020 . Mercatus Center at George Mason University; 2021. Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.mer catus.org/publications/healthcare/con-laws-2020-about-update 8. Stigler GJ. The theory of economic regulation. Bell J Econ Manag Sci . 1971;2(1):3-21. doi:10.2307/3003160 9. Green M, Nader R. Economic regulation vs. competition: Uncle Sam the monopoly man. Yale Law J . 1973;82(5):871 889. 10. Yandle B. Bootleggers and baptists: the education of a regula tory economist. AEI J Govern Soc . 1983;7(3):12-16. 11. McCraw TK. Prophets of Regulation . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1984. 12. Peltzman S, Levine ME, Noll RG. The economic theory of regulation after a decade of deregulation. Brookings Pap Econ Act Microecon . 1989;1989:1-59. doi:10.2307/2534719 13. Sloan FA. Regulation and the rising cost of hospital care. Rev Econ Stat . 1981;63(4):479-487. doi:10.2307/1935842 14. Salkever D, Bice T. Hospital Certificate-of-Need Controls: Impact on Investment, Costs, and Use . American Enterprise Institute; 1979. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://www.aei.org/ research-products/book/hospital-certificate-of-need-controls impact-on-investment-costs-and-use/ 15. Sloan FA, Steinwald B. Effects of regulation on hospi tal costs and input use. J Law Econ . 1980;23(1):81-109. doi:10.1086/466953 16. Coelen C, Sullivan D. An analysis of the effects of prospec tive reimbursement programs on hospital expenditures. Health Care Financ Rev . 1981;2(3):1-40. 17. Lee AJ, Birnbaum H, Bishop C. How nursing homes behave: a multi-equation model of nursing home behavior. Soc Sci Med . 1983;17(23):1897-1906. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(83) 90167-3 18. Ashby JL Jr. The impact of hospital regulatory programs on per capita costs, utilization, and capital investment. Inquiry . 1984;21(1):45-59. 19. Guterman S, Dobson A. Impact of the medicare prospec tive payment system for hospitals. Health Care Financ Rev . 1986;7(3):97-114. 20. Social Security Amendments of 1983 . Vol 97 Stat. 65. 1983. Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ comp2/F098-021.html 21. Botti M. Competition in Healthcare and Certificates of Need . U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division; 2007. Accessed