xRead - Incorporating Artificial Intelligence into Clinical Practice (March 2026)

Carnino et al.

Page 10

Table 2 Results of fligner-killeen test of homogeneity of variances in each section between percentages of AI generated text before and after the introduction of ChatGPT

Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion

Section of Paper Chi-Square Statistic Degrees of Freedom

P -Value

3.08

1

0.08

0.00

1

0.97

0.10

1

0.75

2.39

1

0.12

9.30

1

0.002 *

* Indicates a significant result; in this case meaning the assumption of homogeneity of variances has been violated and an adjustment is needed

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2025 November 01.