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validity as measured by responsiveness, or content, crite rion, concurrent, or construct validity. 2075 Many of these instruments assess QOL affected by endocrine changes associated with pituitary pathology that may not be rele vant to treatment of sinonasal tumors.

scale) and test–retest reliability at 2 weeks (ICC 0.33–0.82 for QLQ-C30 and 0.71–0.8 for H&N35). There was mod erate to high correlation when compared to the Taiwan standard version 1.0 of SF-36 implying validity. 2078 Given that radiotherapy is standard-of-care treatment for NPC, the Quality of Life Radiation Therapy Instru ment and Head & Neck Module (QOL-RTI/H&N) has been translated to Chinese and studied in the NPC popula tion. This is a general scale of 24 items on a 0–10 Likert scale assessing function, emotion, family/socioeconomics, and general QOL. The H&N module contains seven more specific symptom domains. It was studied in a series of 238 patients with NPC and found to have good test– retest reliability (ICC > 0.8). Internal consistency was variable (Cronbach’s alpha 0.41–0.77) with the lowest val ues in the emotion and family domains. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to demonstrate construct valid ity. Responsiveness was tested after 28 days of treatment with effect sizes ranging from 0.22 to 1.23. In general, effect sizes were greater in the function and H&N domains compared to emotion, family, and general domains. The instrument had good operability and was completed in an average of 9.8 min. 2079 The QOL impact of oral reha bilitation with dental prostheses was assessed specifically in a small sample of NPC patients in Turkey using the Liverpool Oral Rehabilitation Questionnaire version 3 (LORQv3) and was found to have reasonable criterion validity when compared with UW-QOL, good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.71–0.82), and moderate to perfect test–retest reliability (kappa 0.62–1.00) in the sample. 2080 The FACT general scale (FACT-G) was appended with an NPC disease-specific subscale (NPCS) to cre ate the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy— Nasopharyngeal (FACT-NP). The FACT-NP consists of the standard 27-item questionnaire assessing physical, social/family, emotional, and function well-being, as well as additional 11 items focused on NPC-specific concerns such as swallowing, communication, neck movement, hearing, smell, nasal blockage, and so forth. It was demonstrated to have high internal consistency (Cron bach’s alpha 0.87–0.90) and test–retest reliability (ICC 0.73–0.88). It demonstrated good responsiveness to clini cal change when administered preoperatively and again 3 months after completion of RT (effect sizes > 0.6). The FACT-NP showed moderate to strong correlation with the QOL-RTI/H&N inferring suggesting concurrent validity. 2081 The Quality of Life Scale of Nasopharyngeal Carci noma Patients (QOL-NPC-V2) is a questionnaire devel oped specifically for use in Chinese patients with NPC to assess physical functioning and health status in the past 2 weeks. The updated version of the scale contains 33

B Head and neck cancer QOL instruments

General head and neck cancer QOL questionnaires have also been applied to patients with sinonasal tumors as well. The European Organization for Research and Treat ment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QOL)-C30 and corresponding module for head and neck neoplasms (H&N35) have been validated in many cul tures. The EORTC QLQ-C30 and H&N35 were developed to measure cancer-specific and site-specific QOL and have demonstrated good reliability and validity. The EORTC QLQ-C30 contains 30 questions across five functional scales, nine symptom scales, financial difficulty, and one global health status scale. The Spanish version of the QLQ-H&N35 applied both QLQ-C30 and QLQ-H&N35 instruments to 193 Mexican patients with tumors of the head and neck, including tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. This demonstrated internal consistency. Each questionnaire has beneficial subscales and is more informative about the patient’s overall status when used together. 2076 NPC represents a distinct subtype of SNM given its anatomic location, higher incidence in Asia, and accepted first-line treatment of RT with or without chemother apy. QOL has been studied in patients with NPC using generalized health QOL surveys and head and neck ques tionnaires including the EORTC QLQ-C30 and H&N35, University of Washington QOL (UW-QOL), Medical Out comes Study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), and functional assessment of cancer therapy (FACT) scales. However, given the uniqueness of this tumor and popu lation, several QOL instruments have been developed for and studied specifically in NPC. 2077 In the initial validation of EORTC QLQ-C30 and H&N35, NPC only represented a small percentage of the total studied cancer population. These instruments have been translated to Chinese and studied separately in a pop ulation of 100 NPC patient undergoing active treatment or surveillance. Both questionnaires demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7 in all but one C Nasopharyngeal carcinoma QOL instruments