xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

20426984, 2021, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.22741 by Stanford University, Wiley Online Library on [01/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

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IX.C.6. Contributing Factors for CRSsNP: Vitamin D Deficiency ............................................... 343 IX.C.7. Contributing Factors for CRSsNP: Superantigens ......................................................... 347 IX.C.8. Contributing Factors for CRS: Microbiome Disturbance ................................................ 351 IX.C.9. Contributing Factors for CRSsNP: Anatomic Variation .................................................. 353 IX.C.10. Contributing Factors for CRS: Septal Deviation .......................................................... 356 IX.C.11. Contributing Factors for CRSsNP: Innate immunity .................................................... 360 IX.C.12. Contributing Factors for CRS: Epithelial Barrier Disturbance ....................................... 362 IX.C.13. Contributing Factors for CRSsNP: Ciliary Derangements ............................................. 368 IX.C.14. Contributing Factors for CRSsNP: Immunodeficiencies ............................................... 372 IX.C.15. Contributing Factors for CRS: Genetics and Epigenetics ............................................... 373 IX.C.15.a. Genetics in CRS .......................................................................................... 373 IX.C.15.b. Epigenetics in CRS ...................................................................................... 381 IX.C.16. Contributing Factors for CRS: Viruses ....................................................................... 382 IX.C.17. Contributing Factors for CRS: Occupational and Environmental Factors ........................ 383 IX.D. Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Polyps: Management ............................................................... 387 IX.D.1. Management of CRSsNP: Saline (Spray and Irrigation) .................................................. 387 IX.D.2. Management of CRSsNP: Topical Corticosteroids ......................................................... 388 IX.D.2.a. Topical Corticosteroids: Standard Delivery (Sprays) .......................................... 388 IX.D.2.b. Topical Corticosteroids: Nonstandard Delivery ................................................ 395 IX.D.3. Management of CRSsNP: Oral Corticosteroids ............................................................. 398 IX.D.4. Management of CRSsNP: Antibiotics ......................................................................... 404 IX.D.4.a. Antibiotics for CRSsNP: Oral Non-Macrolide Antibiotics for < 3 Weeks .............. 404 IX.D.4.b. Antibiotics for CRSsNP: Oral Non-Macrolide Antibiotics for ≥ 3 Weeks .............. 404 IX.D.4.c. Antibiotics for CRSsNP: Macrolide Antibiotics ................................................ 405 IX.D.4.d. Antibiotics for CRS: Intravenous Antibiotics ................................................... 407 IX.D.4.e. Antibiotics for CRS: Topical Antibiotics .......................................................... 411 IX.D.5. Management of CRS: Antifungals ............................................................................... 414 IX.D.5.a. Antifungals for CRS: Oral Antifungals ............................................................ 414 IX.D.5.b. Antifungals for CRS: Topical Antifungals ........................................................ 414 IX.D.6. Management of CRSsNP: Biologic Therapy ................................................................. 419 IX.D.7. Management of CRSsNP: Anti-Leukotriene Therapy .................................................... 419 IX.D.8. Management of CRS: Probiotics ................................................................................. 422 IX.D.9. Management of CRS: Decongestants .......................................................................... 424 IX.D.10. Management of CRS: Mucolytics .............................................................................. 424 IX.D.11. Management of CRS: Herbal Medications .................................................................. 424 IX.D.12. Management of CRSsNP: Topical Alternative Therapies .............................................. 427 IX.D.12.a. Topical Alternative Therapies for CRS: Surfactants ......................................... 427 IX.D.12.b. Topical Alternative Therapies for CRS: Manuka Honey ................................... 429 IX.D.12.c. Topical Alternative Therapies for CRS: Xylitol ................................................ 429 IX.D.12.d. Topical Alternative Therapies for CRS: Colloidal Silver ................................... 432 IX.D.12.e. Topical Alternative Therapies for CRSsNP: Furosemide ................................... 433 IX.D.12.f. Topical Alternative Therapies for CRS: Capsaicin ............................................ 433 IX.D.13. Management of CRSsNP: Influence of Head Position, Device, Surgery, and Nasal Anatomy on Distribution of Topical Medications ................................................. 435 IX.D.14. Management of CRSsNP: Immune Workup and Treatment .......................................... 437 IX.E. Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps: Complications ..................................................... 438