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International consensus statement on rhinosinusitis

67% of patients were symptomatic, 43% had CD4 counts less than 100 cells/mm 3 .

TABLE VIII-3 Evidence for non-anatomic pathophysiology contributing to RARS Study Year LOE Study Design Study Groups Clinical Endpoint Conclusions Bento 497 2014 3 Retrospective cohort Patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Frequency of RS 36% of patients developed RS. Melvin 502 2010 3 Retrospective cohort 13 patients with RARS andAR 8 patients with AR only Flow cytometry for TLR9 in sinonasal epithelial cells 66% of patients with RARS and AR have increased TLR9 expression compared to 32% of patients with AR. Chee 493 2001 3 Retrospective cohort 79 patients with RS Immunologic evaluation Jeney 494 1990 3 Retrospective cohort study Nasal secretion analysis after

14 patients with RARS Decrease in total protein, secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme proteins in patients with RARS. Poetker 501 2008 4 Case Control 22 patients with RARS 22 patients with CRSsNP Patient presentation and outcomes after sinus surgery 24 patients without RS challenge with methacholine or histamine

63% responded to at least 1 allergen, 54% with perennial allergen. Sethi 492 1995 4 Case series 20 patients with immunologic deficiency and RARS Immunologic findings

32% of patients with RARS were diagnosed with AR while 50% of

patients with CRS were diagnosed withAR Aghamohammadi 495 2005 4 Case series Patients with CVID Frequency and spectrum of infections

8 patients with selective IgA deficiency, 5 patients with CVID, 4 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, 3 patients with low IgG1. Zurlo 496 1992 4 Case series 75 patients with HIV and radiographic RS Clinical and laboratory findings

40% of patients with anergy, 18% with IgG deficiency, 17% with IgA

deficiency, 5% with IgM deficiency, 10% with CVID

Brook 499 2004 4 Case Control 8 patients with RARS Bacteria cultures 62.5% of patients had bacteria with antimicrobial resistance and 59% had a change of organisms in repeat cultures. Gutman 500 2004 4 Case Control 48 patients with sinus surgery and allergy testing Allergy testing results

66% of patients develop RARS.