xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

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Orlandi et al.

TABLE IX-20 (Continued) Barrier and Structural LF

TABLE IX-21 Genes associated with S. aureus carriage in CRSwNP patients. ( Cormier et al ., 2014 ) Immune System BDKRB2

Zielinska-Blizniewska 996

Wang 1002 Bossé 972 Bossé 972

MMP9 MSRA MUSK NARF NAV3 RPGR

CNTN5 IGFBP7 PDGFD PRKCH RAC1 Barrier and Structural CACNA2D1 CDH23 GFRA1 K6IRS2 K6IRS4 TOMM34 Not Easily Categorized C13orf7 FAM79B

Cormier 958

Bossé 972

Bukowy-Bieryłło 1003

Not Easily Categorized C13orf7

Cormier 958

Kristjansson 982

CYP2S1 DPP10 FAM79B GFRA1

Kim 1004

Cormier 958 Cormier 958 Purnell 963 Bohman 994

GNB2 HLCS

Bossé 972

KIAA1456

Kristjansson 982 Cormier 958 Cormier 958 Cormier 958 Bohman 994 Cormier 958 Cormier 958 Kristjansson 982

MYRF PHF14

NARF PHF14

PIGT

PIGT RYBP SLC13A3 TRHDE UBE3A

SLC13A3 SLC22A4 SLC5A1 TOMM34

TRHDE TRIP12 UBE3A UBE3C

Bossé 972

Cormier 958 Pasaje 1005

Staphyloccus aureus Carriage in CRSwNP: Genes asso ciated with culture-positivity for Staphylococcus aureus in CRSwNP patients have been assessed in an agnostic "hypothesis-free" fashion using a pooling-based genome wide association study. S. aureus carriage was associ ated with a number of genes loosely organized along reduced engulfment of bacteria, modulation of inflamma tory response, and genes of barrier elements (Table IX-21). This supports that CRS patients colonized with S. aureus may be subject to immune impairment and dysfunction of the epithelial barrier and may thus be exquisitely sensitive to low level chronic bacterial infection with S. aureus . IX.C.15.b. Epigenetics in CRS Transmissible variations in gene function may also be induced by exposure to outside agents in a process termed epigenetic regulation, or epigenetics. Epigenetics deals with changes in organisms brought about by modifica tions in gene expression not resulting directly from alter ation of DNA sequences. 965 This can lead to the modifi cation of gene expression which can then be transmitted both intra-generationally and inter-generationally. It is of significant interest that cigarette smoking and S. aureus ,

Kristjansson 982

10p14

Other insights still waiting to bear fruit may become clearer as we better understand the role and functions of identified putative candidate genes. Taste receptors - Predicting Gram-Negative Carriage : TAS2R38 polymorphisms have been associated with CRS. 611 TAS2R38 codes for a type of bitter taste recep tor, which is expressed in the airway and is implicated in innate immune defense. Activation of T2Rs by bitter stimuli are followed by secretion of antimicrobial peptides, production of nitric oxide, and increased ciliary beat fre quency. In CRSsNP, the non-tasting (or non-protective) TAS2R38 genotype is associated with a higher rate of gram negative bacterial carriage and a poor outcome. The effect may not be similar in patients with CRSwNP, however. Additional taste receptors may also play role or have pre dictive value in CRS, notably the taste receptor TAS2R19 (rs10772420). 963,964 This remains to be validated and repli cated in other populations.