xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

20426984, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.23262, Wiley Online Library on [02/01/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

50

KUANetal.

TABLE V.5 Evidence surrounding smoking as a risk factor for sinonasal malignancies.

Clinical endpoints

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusion

Greiser et al. 94

1. Smoking increased SNM risk and peaked after 21.75 pack-years 2. Smokers who quit ≥ 28 years ago were at lower risk than those whoquit < 15 years ago Smoking significantly increased SNM risk in males

1. OS 2. Occupational exposure profile

2012 3

Case–control

Bavaria registry

( n = 2828 men only; 427 cases and 2401 controls)

Comba et al. 85

1992 3

Case–control

Multicenter cohort of SNM( n = 332; 78 cases and 254 controls) case–control series (160 SNM, 290 controls, 1970–180) Multicenter

1. OS 2. Occupational exposure profile 1. OS 2. Occupational exposure profile

Brinton et al. 92

Smoking tobacco increased the risk of SCC two- to threefold

1984 3

Case–control

Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; SNM, sinonasal malignancy.

TABLE V.6 Evidence surrounding viral infections as a risk factor for sinonasal malignancies.

Clinical endpoints Conclusion

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Ferreli et al. 97

1. HPV infection increased the risk for IP malignancy 2. High-risk HPV types were associated with greater malignancy risk 38.8% cases tested HPV positive

Riskof

31 studies included 163 malignant and 961 nonmalignant IPs

2022 2

Systematic

malig nancy

reviewand meta analysis

Syrjänen and Syrjänen 95

2013

2

Systematic

1956 sinonasal

HPVstatus

reviewand meta analysis

papillomas from 90 studies between 1950 and 2012 Single center study on 54 patients (25 IPs, five oncocytic papillomas, and 35 SNSCC) Single center study on 161 SNM

Sahnane et al. 96

HPVstatus

High risk HPV was detected in 13% of IP-SCC and 8% de novo-SCC

2019 3

Retrospective cohort

Bishop et al. 65

2013

4

Retrospective case series

HPVstatus

1. 21% SCC were positive for high-risk HPV DNA, including type 16 (82%), types 31/33 (12%), and type 18 (6%) 2. HPV was detected in nonkeratinizing SCC (34%), but none in keratinizing SCC group

Abbreviations: IP-SCC, inverted papilloma-associated squamous cell carcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SNM, sinonasal malignancy.

studies have demonstrated EGFR overexpression in about 40% of SCCs and in 20%–33% of ITACs, which is lower than that in histologically similar head and neck and colorectal cancers. 103–105 ACC is the most common salivary-type sinonasal tumor. 106 EN1 , DLX6 , and OTX1 represent potential drivers and therapeutic targets for ACC. 107 NOTCH1 mutations were identified in poorly differentiated ACC and associ

ated with poorer prognosis, higher tendency to metastasize to liver and bone, and possible responsiveness to NOTCH1 inhibitors. 108 In addition, EGFR and c-Kit genetic abnor malities have been observed in sporadic cases. 109 Even though numerous studies report ONB cytogenetic and genomic alterations, common findings include the positive association of chromosome 11 deletion and chro mosome 1p gain with poor ONB survival and TP53 gene