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Orlandi et al.

TABLE XIII-4 Contributing factors for pediatric CRS Study

Year LOE Study Design Study Groups

Clinical Endpoint

Conclusions

Leo 2327

The incidence of allergen sensitization is similar to the overall pediatric population.

Sensitization to at least 1 inhalant allergy by skin test Elevated total IgE

2007 3*

Cross sectional study

351 children with PCRS who underwent skin prick and serum IgE testing

Li 2301

2020 4

Pilot case series Children with PCRS (n = 17) orRARS (n = 10) from a single center

SerumIg Thyroid evaluation

Testing for titers to

Streptococcus and H Influenzae appears

Complete blood count Titers to Streptococcus , H Influenzae, Diptheria, Tetanus

high-yield in the workup of PCRS. Testing for Tetanus, Diptheria and thyroid function is lower yield. Children with PCRS had higher rates of aeroallergen sensitivity than the general population; those with PCRS + atopy had worse QoL. CRS was common among patients with PCD; most patients did not undergo surgery. The incidence of AR in children with PCRS is similar to the overall population. Multiple histologic types of inflammation, including nasal polyps, are present in individuals with CF. Humoral immunodeficiency is not the main cause of PCRS in children with AR/Asthma. Treatment of PCRS improved asthma symptoms and respiratory function in asthmatic children. Immunodeficiency was common among patients with refractory PCRS. The majority of patients with PCRS had immunologic deficits, suggesting immunodeficiency may play a role in PCRS. (Continues)

Anamika 2330

2019 4

Case series

110 Children with PCRS between ages 7 and 18

Skin prick testing Sinus and Nasal QoL Survey

Bhatt 39

2019 4

Case series

54 patients with PCD from a single center

CRS symptoms Management required forCRS Diagnoses of AR, CF, immunologic disorders, PCD

Sedaghat 2328

2014 4

Case series

4044 children with PCRS over a 10-year period at an academic center

Sedaghat 2329

2013 4

Dual cohort study

117 children with AR without PCRS 37 children with AR andPCRS

Aeroallergen sensitivity Children who developed PCRS did not have more severe AR or aeroallergen sensitivity than those without PCRS.

Babinski 2336

2008 4

Case series

126 individuals with CF from a single center

Cytological examination of nasal mucosa

Costa 2331

2005 4

Case series

27 children with asthma, AR and PCRS/RARS

Serum Ig and antibodies to multiple bacterial antigens before and after immunization Sweat test Complete blood count Symptoms Spirometry Endoscopy Inflammatory cytokines

Tosca 2326

2003 4

Case series

18 children with

moderate asthma and PCRS treated with antibiotics, nasal and oral steroids

Sethi 492

1991

4

Case series

20 patients with

SerumIg Vaccine response

refractory CRS or rhinitis

Shapiro 2332

Serum Ig levels Response to pneumococcal and H Influenzae vaccines

1991

4

Case series

61 children with CRS referred for allergy evaluation