xRead - Nonallergic Rhinitis (September 2025)

15314995, 2023, 12, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lary.30706 by University Of Chicago, Wiley Online Library on [15/07/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

Fig. 6. Forest plot of the risk ratios of the most common adverse events experienced by patients throughout three studies. It should be noted that the presence of adverse event was also studies bottom-most forest plot).

parasympathetically-induced nasal secretions with a rapid onset and low systemic absorption. It is used to reduce rhinorrhea. 7,8 Anticholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine from attaching to muscarinic receptors. 7 The medications can be administered topically or systemically. Anticholinergic medications ’ ef fi ciency and duration of action have been demonstrated using methacholine challenges of the nasal

lation and development of rhinorrhea are under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system. Topical intranasal anticholinergic medications suppress nasal mucosal gland activation and reduce watery discharges. 7 Local irritative and systemic anticholinergic side effects have been reported after long-term usage of intranasal fl uorocarbon anticholin ergic medications. As a result, its use came to an end. IB nasal spray is another anticholinergic agent that decreases

Fig. 7. Risk of bias summary. Each risk of bias item for each included study in the systematic review. [Color fi gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.laryngoscope.com.]

Laryngoscope 133: December 2023

El Khoury et al.: Ipratropium Bromide in Non-Allergic Rhinitis 3253