xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

20426984, 2022, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.22929, Wiley Online Library on [04/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

329

PATEL et al.

19 Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; 20 Western University; 21 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 22 Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College

Correspondence Zara M. Patel, MD, 801 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA. Email: zmpatel@stanford.edu [Correction added on 31 March 2023, after first online publication: The reference list and citations have been updated in this version.]

Abstract Background: The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Methods: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. Results: The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. Conclusion: This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature pro vides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treat ment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further. KEYWORDS anosmia, evidence-based medicine, hyposmia, loss of smell, olfaction, olfactory dysfunction, olfactory loss, parosmia, phantosmia, systematic review

List of abbreviations

ALS-N ALS with normal cognition AMG Amygdala aMCI amnestic mild cognitive impair ment AN Animal naming test or Anorexia Nervosa AR Allergic rhinitis AROMA Affordable, Rapid, Olfactory Mea surement Array ART Akinetic-Rigid Type ASA Aspirin Desensitization Therapy AS-Cog Assessment Scale-Cognition ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder α -syn alpha-synuclein protein BAST-24 Barcelona Smell Test BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory BBB Blood Brain Barrier BD Behcet’s disease BDI Beck Depression Inventory

AAPSCQIM American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Managements A β 1- 42 Beta-amyloid ACE2 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 AD Alzheimer’s disease ADAS-Cog Alzheimer’s Disease ADD Alzheimer’s disease dementia ADHD Attention deficit/hyperactivity dis order AERD Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease AHSP Appetite, Hunger and Sensory per ception ADLB Alzheimer’s dementia with Lewy bodies AES Apathy Evaluation Scale ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis