xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.18 Section evidence summary: Idiopathic Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Clinical end point SS-TDI MRI brain findings

Conclusions

Rombaux et al 1031

2010 4

Case-control

Idiopathic olfactory loss Matched controls

OBV smaller in patients with idiopathic loss compared with controls OBV correlates with threshold scores IOD represented 16.3% of diverse olfactory loss Orthonasal and retronasal testing scores were statistically correlated in patients with IOD Less than 1% of included patients with attributable radiologic lesion Decreased gray matter volume in primary and secondary

Fonteyn et al 916

2014 4

Case series

Heterogenous

Orthonasal SS-TDI Retronasal psychophysical olfatory testing (powder application)

population with diverse olfactory loss etiology

Hoekman et al 1024

2014 4

Case series

Patients with idiopathic olfactory loss

MRI brain findings

Yao

2014 4

Case-control

Idiopathic olfactory loss Matched controls

SS-TDI and T&T olfactometer MRI brain findings

et al 1029

olfactory centers of the brain in patients with idiopathic loss compared with controls

Hald

No difference in neurologic and

SS-TDI extended Gustatory testing (taste drop and spray tests) Neurologic and psychiatric screening (MMSE, Major Depression Inventory) SS-TDI and T&T olfactometer Electrophysiologic testing (electroencephalography, ERP) MRI brain findings

2020 4

Case series

IOD Sinonasal OD PIOD

et al 1023

psychiatric screening between groups IOD represented 30% of the patient population Decreased amplitude of olfactory ERP in patients with IOD compared with controls OBV smaller in patients with idiopathic loss compared with controls

Liu

2018 4

Case-control

IOD Matched controls

et al 1032

ERP = event-related potential; IOD = idiopathic olfactory dysfunction; LOE = level of evidence; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OBV = olfactory bulb volume; PIOD = postinfectious olfactory dysfunction; OD = olfactory dysfunction; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; T&T = Toyoda and Takagi.

showed no significant smoking-OD associations, 1007 but a community-based study showed significant smoking-OD associations. 1008 Six clinical studies with measured olfaction showed an association between smoking and OD, with one additional study finding significant smoking-OD associations only in patients with posttraumatic OD (PTOD). 145,1009–1014 Two perioperative studies in the context of postcoronary artery bypass graft and postendoscopy sinus surgery found

participants who denied OD or OD-associated prob lems and failed to find significant smoking-OD risk associations. 998–1004 When looking at cross-sectional studies with self rated olfaction, a larger US data set revealed signifi cant smoking-OD associations, partially mediated by olfactory-related conditions. In Korean adults with CRS, smoking was associated with CRS but not OD. 1005,1006,121 Another nonrepresentative population-based study