xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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503

PATEL et al.

TABLE VIII.6 (Continued) Test name and author/s Test type

No. of odors or items

Reliability coefficient

Commercial availability

Comments

Q-Sticks Test Hummel et al, 2010 1140

ID

3

NR

Yes

Determined the sensitivity and specificity of 3 odors to discriminate between anosmics, hyposmics, and normosmics, as defined by SS scores Sensitivity and specificity of distinguishing anosmics from hyposmics/normosmics were 98% and 59%, respectively Four 1141 microencapsulated odorants presented with 3 questions: Do you detect this? Do you recognize this? What is this (with 4 alternative names presented)? Analyzed from 9348 surveys returned to investigators Defined anosmia as not detecting any of the 4, normosmia detecting all 4, and hyposmia detecting 2 or 3 of the odorants Expands 3-Item PST to 4 microencapsulated UPSIT R odorants Four-alternative responses in a folded cardboard format Uses half of the 8 odorants employed in large NHANES See 8-item NHANES listing in Table 2 Selected PST odors easily identified by Europeans to assess sensitivity and specificity in differenting patients with AD from controls and other patients with suspected dementia Found test scores to aid in dismissing the diagnosis of probable AD although still had low sensitivity for detecting AD as such Established 4-item test from 23,232,278 combinations of UPSIT R items that optimized differentiating patients with PD from normal controls Subsequent approaches on a different data set were similarly successful 58 Provided 5 aqueous dilutions of ethanol (10% to 96%) on gauze strips next to one another Task of 146 normal controls and 129 COVID-19 cases was to identify the weakest smell Distinguished between these 2 groups Requires preparation of stimuli

OLFACAT Smell Test Mullol et al, 2015 128

DQ RQ ID

4

NR

No

4-Odor NHANES Pocket Smell Test (PST) Rawal et al, 2015, 1142 and Hoffman et al, 2016 122 6-Item Pocket Smell Test (PST) Christensen et al, 2017 639

ID

4

NR

Yes

ID

6

NR

Yes

PREDICT-PD Smell

ID

5

NR

Yes

Identification Test

Joseph et al, 2019 1143 Ethyl Alcohol

DT

1

NR

No

Threshold Test

Calvo

Hendriquez et al, 2020 1145

*These times vary depending on the patients. Some tests require preparation. AD = Alzheimer disease; DQ = detection question; DT = detection threshold; ETOC = European Test of Olfactory Capabilities; ID, identification; IR = intensity rating; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Survey; NR = not reported; OD = olfactory dysfunction; OLFACAT = Olfaction in Catalonia; PST = Pocket Smell Test; RT = recognition threshold; RQ = recognition question; SS = Sniffin’ Sticks; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. All tests have a level of evidence of 5.