xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE IV.4 Section evidence summary: Increased mortality Study Year LOE Study design

Population

Outcome All-cause

Conclusions

Difficulty with odor identification is associated with

Wilson

2011

2

Longitudinal cohort

Retired

et al 73

mortality; mean 4.2 years

Chicago-area adults, mean age 79.7 years

increased risk of death The relationship between olfaction and mortality may be largely mediated by cognitive impairment OF is one of the strongest predictors of 5-year mortality in a nationally representative sample of older US adults Anosmia is a particularly strong predictor of dementia Olfactory impairment, but not hearing or visual impairment, is associated with increased mortality Presence or absence of dementia does not attenuate the association between olfactory loss and mortality partially mediated the olfactory-mortality link in women (nationally representative samples of older US adults) The relationship between olfaction and mortality may be mediated through frailty, possibly via inflammation diseases and weight loss explain only part of the increased mortality Social network size Neurodegenerative

Gopinath et al 74

2012

2

Longitudinal cohort

Australian adults aged ≥ 60years

All-cause

mortality; 5 years

Pinto

2014 2

Longitudinal cohort

US adults aged ≥ 57 years

All-cause

et al 75

mortality; 5 years

Devanand et al 76

2015

2

Longitudinal cohort

New York City

All-cause

adults, Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years

mortality; mean 4.1 years

All-cause

Schubert et al 77

2017

2

Longitudinal cohort

Beaver Dam, WI,

mortality; mean12.8 years

adults aged 53–97 years

Ekström et al 78

2017

2

Longitudinal cohort

Swedish adults aged 40–90 years

All-cause

mortality; 10 years

Leschak and

2018

2

Longitudinal cohort

Older US adults aged ≥ 57 years

All-cause

Eisenberger 79

mortality; 5 years

Laudisio et al 80

2019

2

Longitudinal cohort

Italian adults aged ≥ 65 years

All-cause

mortality; 9 years

Liu

All-cause and

2019

2

Longitudinal cohort

Pittsburgh, PA, and Memphis, TN, adults aged 70–79 years US adults aged > 40 years

et al 81

cause-specific mortality; 3, 5, 10, and 13 years

Choi

2021

2

Cohort study

All-cause

Objective (but not subjective) OD is associated with

et al 82

with National Death Index follow-up

mortality; 5 years

increased mortality among older ( ≥ 65 years) but not middle-aged (40–64 years) US adults

LOE = level of evidence; OD = olfactory dysfunction; OF = olfactory function.