FLEX February 2024

395

R. Locke et al. / International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 78 (2014) 393–401

Table 1 Summary of included studies with level of evidence.

Title

Level of evidence

Type

Number

Author

Niezielska G

Cervical lymphadenopathy in children – Incidence and diagnostic management.

3

Retrospective case control

87

1

Connolly A

Paediatric neck masses – a diagnostic dilemma

3

Local non random sample

360

2 3

Linet

Cancer surveillance series: recent trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in the United States 1

Census

14540

Torsiglieri A Bamji M et al.

Pediatric neck masses: guidelines for evaluation Palpable lymph nodes in newborns and infants

3 3

Local non random sample Local non random sample Local non random sample

445 548 223

4

11 12

Herzog L

Prevalence of lymphadenopathy of the head and neck in infants and children 3 The effects of recurrent tonsillitis on growth and cervical lymphadenopathy in children Palpable lymph nodes of the neck in Swedish schoolchildren When is lymph node biopsy indicated in children with enlarged peripheral nodes? Diagnostic aspects of cervical lymphadenopathy in children in the developing world: a study of 1877 surgical specimens A retrospective chart review of evaluation of the cervical lymphadenopathies in children. Cervical lymphadenopathy in childhood epidemiology and management Predictors of malignancy in childhood peripheral lymphadenopathy 4 2 4 4 4 4

Mills R

Case control

100

13

Larsson LO

Cohort

3592

14 15

Knight P

Case control

239

Moore S

Case control

154

16

Citak EC

Case control

282

17

Papadopouli

Case control

63

18

Soldes O

4 3 4

Case control

60

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Karadeniz C

The etiology of peripheral lymphadenopathy in children Lymph node biopsy for diagnosis: a statistical study

Inconsistent standard

382 925

Lee Y-T Lake A

Case series Case series

Peripheral lymphadenopathy in childhood: Ten year experience with excisional biopsy 4

75

Moussatos G Ahmed TS Benesch M

Cervical masses in infants and children

4 4

Case series Case series

267 412

Paediatric head and neck pathology – a 10 year experience

Periphere Lymphknotenschwellungen im Kindersalter – Empfehlungen fur eine rationelle Diagnostik 3

Local non random sample

87

Asindi A el-Safy U

Painless peripheral lymphadenopathy in Nigerian children Causes of lymphadenopathy in Egyptian children other than malignancy

3 4

Non random sample

74 50

26 27

Case series

Adelusola K Obafunwa J

Lymphadenopathy in Nigerian children

4 4 4

Case series Case series Case series

121 129 135 100

28 29 30 31

Primary peripheral lymphadenopathy in Jos, Nigeria

Sinclair S Kissane J

Biopsy of enlarged superficial lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy in childhood long term follow up in patients with nondiagnostic lymph node biopsies 4 Validation of a model to identify young patients for lymph node biopsy 3

Poor ref standard

Slap G

Non-consecutive studies

167

32 33

Srouji IA

Diagnostic cervical lymphadenectomy in children: a case for multidisciplinary assessment & formal guidelines

Case series

19

4

Wang

Unexplained cervical lymphadenopathy in children: predictive factors for malignancy 4

Case series

175

34

Umapathy Gianfelice D

Cervical Lymphadenopathy in children Sonography of neck masses: is it useful?

3 4 3

Systematic review Poor ref standard

35 36 37

111 120

Papakonstantinou

High-resolution and colour doppler ultrasonography of cervical lymphadenopathy in children Chronic cervical lymphadenopathy in children: Role of ultrasonography 3 Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in differentiation between malignant and benign cervical lymphadenopathies in pediatric age group 3 Head and neck lymph nodes in children: the spectrum from normal to abnormal 3 Standardising reporting of cervical lymphadenopathy in paediatric neck ultrasound: a pilot study using an evidence-based reporting protocol 3 Epstein–Barr virus infection as a cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in children 4 The use of ultrasound-guided cutting-needle biopsy in paediatric neck masses 5 Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of children and young adults with peripheral lymphadenopathy 4 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: application to paediatric head and neck masses 4 Children with significant cervical lymphadenopathy: clinicopathological analysis and role of fine-needle aspiration in Indian setup 4 Lymphadenopathy in children and adolescents: role of fine-needle aspiration in management 4 Fine needle aspiration of head and neck masses in children Fine needle aspiration biopsy of paediatric head and neck masses Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in a paediatric population: report of 64 consecutive cases 4 4 4 Application of fine needle aspiration biopsy to pediatrics 4

Study without consistently applied reference standard Study without consistently applied reference standard

Pandey A

50

38

Nemati

Inconsistent ref standard

50

39

40

Restrepo

Case series

160

Fraser

Non-consecutive studies

107

41

42

Abdel-Aziz

Case-series

160

Bain G

Mechanism based

12

43

Kardos T

Case control

126

44

Wakely P Mobley D

Case control Case control

117 152

45 46

Khan R

Case control

89

47

48

Ponder T

Case control

106

Ramadan H

Case control Case control Case control

67 40 58

49 50 51

Liu E

Taylor S