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Wise et al.

Page 310

Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE VI.G.2.

Evidence for the effect of early childhood pet exposure of the development of allergic rhinitis Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion Dharmage et al. 562 2012 2a SR 19 studies (2011–2012): 9 longitudinal, 8 cross sectional, 2 case-control Association of AR with exposure to cats Inconsistent association. If exposure during the first year, less AR or sensitization, or no effect. Possible protective effect until adulthood. Lodge et al. 642 2012 2a SR (2001–2008): 9 longitudinal studies; 6498 subjects aged 0–11 years Association of physician diagnosed hay fever with exposure to pets, or cats and dogs during perinatal period in urban environment Dogs may reduce sensitization or allergic disease in families with low risk of allergy. No association with cats. Lodrup-Carlsen et al. 552 2012 2a Pooled analysis of individual data first year of recruitment (1989–1997): 11 European birth cohorts; 11,489 participants aged 6–10 years Association of sensitization to aeroallergens with ownership of cats only, dogs only, cats and dogs only, birds only or rodents only during 0–2 years of age Dog and rodent exposure protective against sensitization to aeroallergens. No association with AR. Smallwood & Ownby 641 2012 2a SR 26 articles: exposure to dogs 20 weeks from gestation to 1 year. Association of allergic symptoms with exposure to dogs Inconsistent association. Dog exposure at birth may be protective against allergic symptoms. Chen et al. 640 2010 2a SR of birth and non-birth cohort studies and cross sectional studies 62 articles (2000–2009); subjects 6–69 years old: 1 17 birth cohorts reported cat exposure or Fel d 1 in dust; 2 13 reported dog ownership or Can f 1 in dust; 3 26 cross-sectional studies reported cat or dog exposure Association of AR with exposure to cats or dogs in cross-sectional studies Inconsistent association. Dog exposure may be protective. Design of the study influences the association. Christensen et al. 643 cross-sectional

Inconsistent association. Possible protective effect of furred pets on rhinitis.

Exposure to pets in childhood decreases the risk of AR in adulthood independently of urban or rural upbringing.

In high-risk cohort, pet exposure at birth is protective against hay fever at age 7 years in children with nonsensitized fathers

Association of AR with exposure to furred pets

Association of AR in adulthood with exposure to pets at birth, during childhood and to livestock farm in childhood

Association of hay fever after 7 years of age with exposure to cats and dogs at birth

Takkouche et al. 639 2008 2a Meta-analysis 32 studies (1985–2006); 5 studies (n = 6818) reported rhinitis 2016 2b Population based study follow-up cohort

RHINE cohort (2010–2012): 13,376 subjects born in Northern Europe 1945–1973

MACS cohort: 620 infants with family history of allergic disease

Lodge et al. 534 2012 2b Prospective birth

AR = allergic rhinitis; LOE = level of evidence; MACS = Melbourne Atopy Cohort Study; RHINE = Respiratory Health in Northern Europe; SR = systematic review.

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.