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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE X.A.3.

Evidence for allergic rhinitis as a risk factor for asthma Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion Guerra et al. 1779 2006 2a Nested case control study

Longitudinal cohort Asthma onset Rhinitis is a significant risk factor for adult-onset asthma in both atopic and nonatopic subjects. Wright et al. 597 1994 2a Cohort Birth cohort Respiratory symptoms at age 6 years Asthma in the child (OR, 4.06; 95% CI, 2.06-7.99). Ibáñez et al. 1764 2013 3b Cross-sectional study Children with AR Associated diseases Asthma was present in 49.5% of patients with AR. Jarvis et al. 458 2012 3b Cross-sectional study General population Self-reported current asthma Asthma was associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. Rochat et al. 1785 2010 3b Cohort Birth cohort Wheezing onset AR is a predictor for subsequent wheezing onset. Shaaban et al. 1783 2008 3b Cohort Population-based study

Frequency of asthma Rhinitis, even in the absence of atopy, is a powerful predictor of adult onset asthma. Burgess et al. 1786 2007 3b Cohort General population Incident of asthma in preadolescence, adolescence, or adult life Childhood AR increased the likelihood of new-onset asthma. Shaaban et al. 1784 2007 3b Cohort General population Changes in bronchial hyperresponsiveness in nonasthmatic subjects AR was associated with increased onset of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Bodtger et al. 1777 2006 3b Cohort Population-based Rhinitis onset Asymptomatic sensitization, but not NAR, was a significant risk factor for later development of AR. Porsbjerg et al. 1781 2006 3b Cohort Random population sample Plaschke et al. 1778 2000 3b Cohort Random sample Risk factors and onset or remission of AR and asthma

Prevalence of asthma Presence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and concomitant atopic manifestations in childhood increase the risk of developing asthma in adulthood. Toren et at 1780 2002 3b Case-control General population Adult-onset physician-diagnosed asthma Noninfectious rhinitis and current smoking, especially among

nonatopics, are associated with increased risk for adult-onset asthma.

AR, sensitization to pets, and smoking were risk factors for onset of asthma. Settipane et al. 1776 2000 3b Cohort Follow-up of students Asthma development Allergic asthma depends on: elevated IgE, eosinophilia, airway

hyperresponsiveness, exposure to allergens, and the predominance of the Th2 pathway of immunologic reactions.

AR = allergic rhinitis; CI = confidence interval; IgE = immunoglobulin E; LOE = level of evidence; NAR = non-allergic rhinitis; OR = odds ratio.

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.