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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE X.C.

Evidence for an association between allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion Kim et al. 1884 2016 2b Cross-sectional survey General population: 14,356 students, health screening 2010-2014. “Korean International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood” AR defined as symptoms + SPT positivity. SPT positivity, AR prevalence, prevalence of comorbidities Most common comorbid allergic diseases associated with AR: pollen allergy (37.0%), AC (34.5%). Han et al. 1889 2015 2b Cohort 1020 children total, 338 with AR. “The Allergic Rhinitis Cohort Study for Kids (ARCO-kids)” SPT, questionnaire, endoscopic examination. Evaluation of risk factors for AR. History of AC identified as risk factor for AR (OR, 14.25; 95% CI, 4.99-40.74). Alexandropoulos et al. 1885 2012 3a Case series Adult nonrandom patients referred to a Clinical Immunology outpatient clinic 2001-2007 (n = 1851). AR defined according to ARIA. SPT, questionnaire, sIgE. Evaluation of risk factors for AR. AR prevalence was 38.4%. AC identified as risk factor for AR (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 4.71-8.06). Navarro et al. 1890 2009 3a Cross-sectional n = 4991 patients selected by referral for allergy evaluation Characteristics of patients with AR. AR prevalence was 55%. 65% had associated AC. Almaliotis et al. 1888 2010 3b Retrospective case series n = 448 subjects selected by clinic referral and diagnosis of AC by ophthalmologist SPT, questionnaire. Evaluation of comorbidities of ocular allergy. 70% of patients with AC also had AR. Symptoms of ocular allergy are very common in patients with AR and asthma. Gradman & Wolthers 1886 2006 3b Retrospective survey Prevalence of AC in children with rhinitis, asthma and eczema. Prevalence of AC in children with rhinitis: 42%. Prevalence of AR in children with AC: 97%.

73.8% of patients with perennial AC had associated AR. Most common allergen sensitization was HDM.

Skin test. Evaluation of clinical features and risk factors of various AC types.

n = 458 children (5–15 years) selected from a secondary pediatric outpatient clinic with diagnosis of AC, asthma, AR, or eczema

Kosrirukvongs et al. 1887 2001 3b Case series n = 445 patients (mean age 24.5 ± 16.3 years) with a history of itching, foreign body sensation, lacrimation and red eyes. No control group.

AC = allergic conjunctivitis; AR = allergic rhinitis; ARIA = Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma; CI = confidence interval; LOE = level of evidence; OR = odds ratio; sIgE = allergen-specific IgE; HDM = house dust mite; SPT = skin-prick test;

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.