xRead - May 2023

Original Investigation Research

Powering the Gracilis for Facial Reanimation

reanimation. Arch Facial Plast Surg . 2012;14(4):277 282. doi:10.1001/archfacial.2012.111 18 . Bhama P, Gliklich RE, Weinberg JS, Hadlock TA, Lindsay RW. Optimizing total facial nerve patient management for effective clinical outcomes research. JAMA Facial Plast Surg . 2014;16(1):9-14. three-dimensional quantitative analysis for evaluation of facial movement. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2008;61(1):18-30. doi:10.1016/j.bjps. 2007.03.037 20 . Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med . 2009;151(4):264-269, W64. 21 . Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2011; Version 5.1.0:http://handbook.cochrane.org. Accessed February 22, 2016. 22 . Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2009; http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_ epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed February 22, 2016. 23 . Braig D, Bannasch H, Stark GB, Eisenhardt SU. Analysis of the ideal muscle weight of gracilis muscle transplants for facial reanimation surgery with regard to the donor nerve and outcome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2017;70(4):459-468. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.12.005 24 . Lin CH, Wallace C, Liao CT. Functioning free gracilis myocutaneous flap transfer provides a reliable single-stage facial reconstruction and reanimation following tumor ablation. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2011;128(3):687-696. doi:10.1097/ PRS.0b013e318221db14 25 . Lindsay RW, Bhama P, Weinberg J, Hadlock TA. The success of free gracilis muscle transfer to restore smile in patients with nonflaccid facial paralysis. Ann Plast Surg . 2014;73(2):177-182. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182a0df04 26 . Oh TS, Kim HB, Choi JW, Jeong WS. Facial reanimation with masseter nerve-innervated free gracilis muscle transfer in established facial palsy patients. Arch Plast Surg . 2019;46(2):122-128. doi: 10.5999/aps.2018.00717 27 . Oyer SL, Nellis J, Ishii LE, Boahene KD, Byrne PJ. Comparison of objective outcomes in dynamic lower facial reanimation with temporalis tendon and gracilis free muscle transfer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2018;144(12):1162-1168. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2018.1964 28 . Biglioli F, Colombo V, Tarabbia F, et al. Recovery of emotional smiling function in free-flap facial reanimation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2012;70(10): 2413-2418. 29 . Terzis JK, Noah ME. Analysis of 100 cases of free-muscle transplantation for facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1997;99(7):1905-1921. doi:10.1097/00006534-199706000-00016 30 . Coulson SE, Croxson GR, Adams RD, O’Dwyer NJ. Reliability of the “Sydney,” “Sunnybrook,” and “House Brackmann” facial grading systems to assess voluntary movement and synkinesis after facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2013.1382 19 . Hontanilla B, Aubá C. Automatic

2005;132(4):543-549. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.01. 027 31 . Kahn JB, Gliklich RE, Boyev KP, Stewart MG, Metson RB, McKenna MJ. Validation of a patient-graded instrument for facial nerve paralysis: the FaCE scale. Laryngoscope . 2001;111(3):387-398. doi:10.1097/00005537-200103000-00005 32 . OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. 2011. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653. Accessed March 20, 2015. 33 . Gurgel RK, Jackler RK, Dobie RA, Popelka GR. A new standardized format for reporting hearing outcome in clinical trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2012;147(5):803-807. doi:10.1177/ 0194599812458401 34 . Welling DB, Stewart MG. Minimal reporting standard for reporting hearing outcomes. Laryngoscope . 2013;123(2):303. doi:10.1002/lary. 23858 35 . Carlson DL. American Academy of Audiology response to Gurgel et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2013;149(2):349-350. doi:10.1177/ 0194599813491706 36 . Maier H, Baumann U, Baumgartner WD, et al. Minimal reporting standards for active middle ear hearing implants. Audiol Neurootol . 2018;23(2):105 115. doi:10.1159/000490878 37 . Munafò MR, Nosek BA, Bishop DVM, et al. A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behaviour . 2017;1:0021. 38 . Faria JC, Scopel GP, Busnardo FF, Ferreira MC. Nerve sources for facial reanimation with muscle transplant in patients with unilateral facial palsy: clinical analysis of 3 techniques. Ann Plast Surg . 2007;59(1):87-91. doi:10.1097/01.sap.0000252042. 58200.c3 39 . Terzis JK, Olivares FS. Long-term outcomes of free-muscle transfer for smile restoration in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2009;123(3):877-888. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819ba316 40 . Rayment R, Poole MD, Rushworth G. Cross-facial nerve transplants: why are spontaneous smiles not restored? Br J Plast Surg . 1987;40(6):592-597. doi:10.1016/0007-1226(87) 90153-6 41 . Snyder-Warwick AK, Fattah AY, Zive L, Halliday W, Borschel GH, Zuker RM. The degree of facial movement following microvascular muscle transfer in pediatric facial reanimation depends on donor motor nerve axonal density. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2015;135(2):370e-381e. doi:10.1097/PRS. 0000000000000860 42 . Okazaki M, Kentaro T, Noriko U, et al. One-stage dual latissimus dorsi muscle flap transfer with a pair of vascular anastomoses and double nerve suturing for long-standing facial paralysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2015;68(6):e113-e119. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015.02.013 43 . Terzis JK, Tzafetta K. “Babysitter” procedure with concomitant muscle transfer in facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2009;124(4):1142-1156. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b2b8bc 44 . Buendia J, Loayza FR, Luis EO, Celorrio M, Pastor MA, Hontanilla B. Functional and anatomical basis for brain plasticity in facial palsy rehabilitation using the masseteric nerve. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2016;69(3):417-426. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015. 10.033

palsy. Br J Plast Surg . 1980;33(2):202-215. doi:10.1016/0007-1226(80)90013-2 5 . Terzis JK, Noah EM. Dynamic restoration in Möbius and Möbius-like patients. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2003;111(1):40-55. doi:10.1097/00006534 200301000-00007 6 . Singham J, Manktelow R, Zuker RM. Möbius syndrome. Semin Plast Surg . 2004;18(1):39-46. doi:10.1055/s-2004-823122 7 . Biglioli F, Colombo V, Tarabbia F, et al. Double innervation in free-flap surgery for long-standing facial paralysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2012; 65(10):1343-1349. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2012.04.030 8 . Gur E, Stahl S, Barnea Y, et al. Comprehensive approach in surgical reconstruction of facial nerve paralysis: a 10-year perspective. J Reconstr Microsurg . 2010;26(3):171-180. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1242139 9 . Gousheh J, Arasteh E. Treatment of facial paralysis: dynamic reanimation of spontaneous facial expression-apropos of 655 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2011;128(6):693e-703e. doi:10.1097/ PRS.0b013e318230c58f 10 . Hontanilla B, Marre D, Cabello A. Facial reanimation with gracilis muscle transfer neurotized to cross-facial nerve graft versus masseteric nerve: a comparative study using the FACIAL CLIMA evaluating system. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2013;131(6):1241-1252. doi:10.1097/PRS. 0b013e31828bd4da 11 . Bhama PK, Weinberg JS, Lindsay RW, Hohman MH, Cheney ML, Hadlock TA. Objective outcomes analysis following microvascular gracilis transfer for facial reanimation: a review of 10 years’ experience. JAMA Facial Plast Surg . 2014;16(2):85-92. doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2013.2463 12 . Hontanilla B, Cabello A. Spontaneity of smile after facial paralysis rehabilitation when using a non-facial donor nerve. J Craniomaxillofac Surg . 2016;44(9):1305-1309. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2016.06. 031 13 . Uehara M, Shimizu F. The distal stump of the intramuscular motor branch of the obturator nerve is useful for the reconstruction of long-standing facial paralysis using a double-powered free gracilis muscle flap transfer. J Craniofac Surg . 2018;29(2): 476-481. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000004064 14 . Watanabe Y, Akizuki T, Ozawa T, Yoshimura K, Agawa K, Ota T. Dual innervation method using one-stage reconstruction with free latissimus dorsi muscle transfer for re-animation of established facial paralysis: simultaneous reinnervation of the ipsilateral masseter motor nerve and the contralateral facial nerve to improve the quality of smile and emotional facial expressions. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2009;62(12):1589-1597. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.07.025 15 . Niziol R, Henry FP, Leckenby JI, Grobbelaar AO. Is there an ideal outcome scoring system for facial reanimation surgery? A review of current methods and suggestions for future publications. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg . 2015;68(4):447-456. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2014.12.015 16 . Hadlock T. Standard outcome measures in facial paralysis: getting on the same page. JAMA Facial Plast Surg . 2016;18(2):85-86. doi:10.1001/ jamafacial.2015.2095 17 . Hadlock TA, Urban LS. Toward a universal, automated facial measurement tool in facial

(Reprinted) JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery May 2020 Volume 146, Number 5 435

jamaotolaryngology.com

© 2020 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 02/08/2023