xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

20426984, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.23262, Wiley Online Library on [02/01/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

158

KUANetal.

(Continues)

Intracranial extension, residual vascularity;

M, medial extension; L, lateral extension

TABLE XVII.A.2 Overview of staging systems. Source Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV StageV Snyderman/UPMC 2010 790

Intracranial extension between pituitary gland and ICA,

tumor localization lateral to

ICA, middle fossa extension, and extensive intracranial extension

IVb: without cavernous sinus, pituitary or optic chiasm infiltration Intracranial extension

Skull base erosion, orbit, ITF; residual vascularity

Intracranial, intradural: IVa:with

IIIb: extensive intracranial extension ± cavernous sinus

Extension to ≥ 1 of: maxillary

Deep extension into cancellous bone at pterygoid base or body and GW sphenoid, significant lateral extension into ITF or pterygoid plates, orbit,

cavernous sinus obliteration IIIa: minimal intracranial extension

Skull base erosion, orbit, ITF; no residual vascularity

sinus, ethmoid, orbit, ITF, cheek, and palate

Invading ITF or orbit: IIIa: no intracranial

IIIb: extradural, parasellar

occupation of PMF,

extension to anterior

cranial fossa, limited extension into ITF

ethmoid or sphenoid sinus with bone destruction

Nasal cavity, medial PPF ≥ 1 sinus, lateral PPF; no residual vascularity

II: minimal extension into medial PMF

IIb: full occupation of PMF, displacing posterior wall of maxilla forward, orbit erosion

IIc: ITF, cheek, posterior to pterygoid plates

Extending into sphenoid sinus or PMF

Maxillary sinus, full

Invading PPF or maxillary,

Onerci 2006 789 Nose, NP, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses or

minimal extension into PMF

Radkowski 1996 788 IA: limited to nose or NP IB: as in stage Ia with extension into one sinus

Andrews 1989 787 Limited to NP; minimal bone destruction or limited to SPF

Antonelli 1987 786 Limited to NP or nasal fossa