xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

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159

ICAR SINONASAL TUMORS

TABLE XVII.A.2 (Continued) Source Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV StageV

cavernous sinus, the optic

chiasmal region, or pituitary fossa

Intracranial extension

Massive invasion of the

Chandler 1984 784 Limited to NP Extension into nasal cavity or sphenoid sinus Fisch1983 783 Limited to NP and nasal cavity without bone destruction Invading the PMF and ≥ 1 Tumor into antrum, ethmoid sinus, PMF, ITF, orbit ± cheek

Invading ITF, orbit, parasellar region remaining lateral to the cavernous sinus Intracranial extension

III: intracranial extension

IIa: minimal extension into PMF IIb: full occupation of PMF ± orbit erosion IIIc: ITF ± cheek extension

IIa: minimal lateral extension through the sphenopalatine foramen in medial PPF

displacing posterior wall of antrum forward, superior extension eroding orbital bone

IIc: extension through PMF into cheek and ITF.

sinus with bone destruction

IIb: full occupation of PPF

Bremer 1986 785 Ia: limited to posterior nares orNP Ib: extension to ≥ 1 sinus

Stage Ib: extension into ≥ 1 sinus

Sessions 1981 782 Stage Ia: limited to nose andNP

Abbreviations: GW, greater wing; NP, nasopharynx; PMF, pterygomaxillary fissure; SPF, sphenopalatine foramen; UPMC, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.