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253

ICAR SINONASAL TUMORS

TABLE XXIV.8 (Continued)

Clinical endpoints

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusions

Navarro

2020 4

Retrospective case series

N = 12 Pediatric ONB

1. PFS 2. OS

1. The surgical complication rate was 8.3% 2. PFS was 41 months and mean OS was 63.6% AKi67% ≥ 25 was associated with poorer survival. Overall survival was 68.9% 5-year OS, DSS, and RFS were 92.9%, 100%, and 92.9%, respectively 5-year OS was 90% (95% CI: 61–99%) 1. OS and DSS rates of 69% and 78% at 5 years 2. Patients age > 60 years presented significantly poor OS and DSS on multivariate analysis 1. 5- and 8-year DFS were 69% and 54% 2. 37% had recurrence and 65% of those involved the dura 3. Salvage treatments were effective 5-year OS and PFS were 42.7% and 39.1%, respectively, with 10-year rates of 28.9% and 21.7% 10-year OS and DFS were 68.2% and 46.7% 1. OS and DSS were 92.9% at 2 years, 70.7% at 5 years, and 70.7% at 10 years of follow-up 2. Nasal stenosis in 70%

Fernandez et al. 92

Classe et al. 93

2019 4

Retrospective case series

N = 45 patients with ONB

OS

Gallia et al. 94

1. OS 2. DSS 3. RFS

2018 4

Retrospective case series

N = 20 ONB by endoscopic surgery N = 14 patients with ONB N = 20 patients with ONB

Gramet al. 95

2018 4

Retrospective case series Retrospective case series

OS

Konig et al. 96

2018 4

1. OS 2. DSS

Yinet al. 87

2018 4

Retrospective database study (SEER)

N = 876 patients with ONB

1. OS 2. DSS

Yuet al. 98

DFS

2018 4

Retrospective case series

N = 20 ONB with intracranial involvement

Yuanet al. 61

2018 4

Retrospective case series

n = 44 patients with ONB

1. OS 2. PFS

Schmidt et al. 99

2017 4

Retrospective case series

N = 11 patients with ONB

1. OS 2. DFS

Abbreviations: CRT, chemoradiation therapy; DFS, disease-free survival; DSS, disease-specific survival; LRC, locoregional control; NCDB, National Cancer DataBase; ONB, olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma); OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; RT, radiation therapy; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results.

evolve and there is growing evidence supporting the use of IC. This section expounds on ICSB 2019 (Section VIII.C), including the multimodality therapy for SNUC with the addition of two recently identified categories: NUT and SWI/SNF-deficient carcinoma. Endoscopic versus open surgery in the management of SNUC was discussed in the prior review and will not be addressed here. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma SNUC has historically made up 3%–5% of sinonasal carcinomas. 98 The male-to-female ratio is typically high around 2–3:1. 28,1394 Although SNUC can be diagnosed at any age, the median is approximately 50–55 years. 1394–1396 1

B Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and variants

Undifferentiated sinonasal carcinomas have some of the poorest outcomes among head and neck cancers. They are typically locally advanced at presentation, necessitating multimodality therapy. Sinonasal undifferentiated carci noma (SNUC) was first described by Frierson et al. in 1986. 1390 It was considered a diagnosis of exclusion but served as a “wastebasket” for unknown, poorly differen tiated SNM. 1391 Further delineation and re-examination of this entity have frequently resulted in a change in diagno sis from SNUC to one of the more recently defined entities, such as SMARB1 -deficient or NUT carcinoma. 1071,1392,1393 The management of this disease has likewise continued to