xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

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B. Nasolabialcysts............... 132 C. Antrochoanal polyps. . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 XVI. SINONASAL PAPILLOMAS . . . . . . . . . 133 A. Exophytic papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 B. Oncocytic papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 C. Inverted papilloma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 D. Dysplasia and risk of malignant transformation................ 134 E. Role of orbital or skull base bony resection . 143 F. Role of radiation or medical therapy . . . . . 145 G. Treatment of site of attachment . . . . . . . 145 H. Recurrence and surveillance. . . . . . . . . 150 XVII. BENIGN VASCULAR NEOPLASMS AND LESIONS..................... 154 A. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma . . . 154 1. Open versus endoscopic approaches . . . 155 2. Stagingsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 3. Patterns of recurrence and natural history 157 4. Trigeminal function . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5. Techniques for hemostasis . . . . . . . . 162 6. Role of nonsurgical therapy . . . . . . . 162 B. Vascular malformations, hemangiomas, and paragangliomas............... 162 1. Hemangioma............... 162 2. Arteriovenous malformations . . . . . . 164 3. Venous malformations . . . . . . . . . . 166 4. Paragangliomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 XVIII. CONGENITAL MIDLINE NASAL MASSES 167 A. Introduction................. 167 B. Dermoid and epidermoid cysts. . . . . . . . 168 C. Nasal glial heterotopia . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 D. Meningoencephaloceles . . . . . . . . . . . 168 E. Roleofimaging ............... 169 F. Management................. 170 XIX. BENIGN ORBITAL TUMORS AND LESIONS 170 A. Benign orbital lesions—intraconal . . . . . 170 1. Efficacy of tumor resection . . . . . . . . 172 2. Complications .............. 176 B. Other benign orbital lesions . . . . . . . . . 176 1. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease . . . . . 176 2. Tolosa–Hunt syndrome . . . . . . . . . . 181 XX. OTHER RARE BENIGN NEOPLASMS AND LESIONS..................... 181 A. Rosai–Dorfman disease . . . . . . . . . . . 181 B. Lipomas................... 182 C. Pleomorphic adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 D. Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors . . . . . 183 E. Solitary fibrous tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 F. Glomangiopericytoma . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 G. Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis . . . . . . 185 SECTION III: MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS . . . . . 186 XXI. SINONASAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.................. 186

A. De novo sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma 186 1. Background and epidemiology . . . . . . 186 2. Pathologic features . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 3. Staging and imaging . . . . . . . . . . . 188 4. Treatment and outcomes . . . . . . . . . 188 B. Inverted papilloma-transformed squamous cellcarcinoma................ 195 1. Survival outcomes of IP-SCC versus DN-SCC................ 195 2. Imaging to predict malignant transformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 3. Histopathology and molecular and genetic studies................. 196 XXII. MINOR SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS OF THE SINONASAL TRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . 199 A. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma . . . . . . . 199 1. Tumor subtypes and grade . . . . . . . . 199 B. Roleofsurgery................ 202 1. Role of adjuvant therapy . . . . . . . . . 203 2. Surveillance, recurrence, and outcomes . 203 C. Nonintestinal-type adenocarcinoma . . . . . 207 1. Clinical presentation, epidemiology, risk factors................. 207 2. Histopathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 3. IHC and molecular profiling . . . . . . . 208 4. Renal cell-like adenocarcinoma . . . . . 208 5. Roleofsurgery.............. 208 6. Role of chemoradiation therapy . . . . . 210 7. Recurrence and survival . . . . . . . . . 210 D. Adenoid cystic carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . 212 1. Role and extent of surgery . . . . . . . . 212 2. Role of radiation therapy . . . . . . . . . 216 3. Role of chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . 217 E. Other salivary gland malignancies . . . . . . 217 1. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma . . . . . . . 217 2. Acinic cell carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . 219 XXIII. SINONASAL SARCOMA . . . . . . . . . . 220 A. Rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 1. Classification and staging. . . . . . . . . 221 2. Role of surgery in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 221 3. Role of radiation therapy in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 221 4. Role of chemotherapy in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 222 5. Role of surgery in adult rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 226 6. Role of chemoradiation therapy in adult rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 226 7. Induction chemotherapy for sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 229 B. Sinonasal chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma 229 1. Chondrosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230