xRead - Nasal Obstruction (September 2024) Full Articles

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ICAR SINONASAL TUMORS

2. Osteosarcoma............... 232 C. Othersarcomas ............... 236 1. Fibrosarcoma............... 237 2. Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma . . . . . 237 3. Leiomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 4. Angiosarcoma .............. 238 5. Ewingsarcoma.............. 238 6. Synovialsarcoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 7. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 238 XXIV. SINONASAL NEUROECTODERMAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMAS . . . . . 239 A. Olfactory neuroblastoma . . . . . . . . . . 239 1. Impact of Hyams grade on outcomes . . . 239 2. Stagingsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 3. Management of the neck . . . . . . . . . 242 4. Management of the orbit . . . . . . . . . 245 5. Unilateral resection and smell preservation 246 6. Role of radiation therapy . . . . . . . . . 247 7. Role of systemic therapy . . . . . . . . . 247 B. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and variants ................... 253 1. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma . . 253 2. NUTcarcinoma.............. 255 3. SWI/SNF complex-deficient sinonasal carcinomas .............. 258 C. Neuroendocrine carcinoma . . . . . . . . . 260 1. Clinical presentation, epidemiology, and specific risk factors . . . . . . . . . . 260 2. Molecular profiling, histologic subtypes, andimpactofgrade . . . . . . . . . . 260 3. Workup and staging . . . . . . . . . . . 260 4. Treatment strategies . . . . . . . . . . . 261 5. Recurrence and survival . . . . . . . . . 261 D. Sinonasal mucosal melanoma . . . . . . . . 262 1. Survival and prognostic factors . . . . . . 263 2. Histopathologic findings . . . . . . . . . 263 3. Surgical resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 4. Impact of cutaneous melanoma markers and genetic mutations . . . . . . . . . 267 5. Impact of PD-L1 and immunotherapy . . 267 6. Role of neck treatment . . . . . . . . . . 271 7. Role of radiation therapy . . . . . . . . . 273 XXV. NASOPHARYNGEAL MALIGNANCIES . . 275 A. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma . . . . . . . . . 275 1. WHOsubtypes.............. 275 2. TheroleofEBVinNPC. . . . . . . . . . 276 3. TheroleofHPVinNPC . . . . . . . . . 280 4. RoleofsurgeryinNPC. . . . . . . . . . 282 5. Primary radiation therapy of the primary site................... 284 6. Elective radiation treatment of the N0 neck 289 7. Adaptive radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . 290 8. Role of proton therapy . . . . . . . . . . 290

9. Role of concurrent chemoradiation therapy 291 10. Role of induction/neoadjuvant chemotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 11. Role of adjuvant chemotherapy . . . . . 296 12. Treatment for metastatic disease . . . . 298 B. Low-grade nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 XXVI. SINONASAL LYMPHOMA . . . . . . . . . 305 A. BandTcelllymphomas. . . . . . . . . . . 305 B. Diagnostic considerations . . . . . . . . . . 305 C. Imaging for lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . 312 D. Histopathology................ 312 E. B-cell sinonasal lymphoma treatment . . . . 313 1. Role of chemotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . 313 2. Role of radiation therapy . . . . . . . . . 316 3. Role of immunotherapy . . . . . . . . . 317 F. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell sinonasal lymphoma treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 G. Extramedullary plasmacytoma . . . . . . . 324 1. Presentation ............... 324 2. Workup.................. 325 3. Treatment ................ 325 4. Prognosis and outcomes . . . . . . . . . 325 XXVII. METASTATIC TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . 326 XXVIII. OTHER MALIGNANT LESIONS . . . . . 327 A. Germcelltumors .............. 327 B. Carcinosarcoma............... 328 C. Teratocarcinosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 SECTION IV: MORBIDITY, QUALITY OF LIFE, ANDSURVEILLANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 XXIX. RISK FACTORS FOR SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS................ 329 A. Primarysurgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 B. Patient and demographic factors . . . . . . . 330 C. Typesofapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 D. Salvagesurgery ............... 330 XXX. QUALITY OF LIFE INSTRUMENTS. . . . . 330 A. Skull base QOL instruments . . . . . . . . . 333 B. Head and neck cancer QOL instruments . . 334 C. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma QOL instruments 334 XXXI. QUALITY OF LIFE FOR SINONASAL NEOPLASMS .................. 335 A. Quality of life for benign neoplasms . . . . . 335 1. Baseline and postoperative QOL differences............... 335 2. Differences between benign and malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . 341 3. Morbidity related to extended maxillary approaches............... 341 B. Quality of life for malignant neoplasms . . . 343 1. BaselineQOL............... 343 2. Postoperative QOL . . . . . . . . . . . . 343