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KUANetal.

TABLE V.1 Evidence surrounding age as a risk factor for sinonasal malignancies.

Clinical endpoints

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusion

Ferrari et al. 16

OS

Male-to-female ratio was 2.1 and average age was 61.2

European centers database of SNM (MUSES, 1995–2021 n = 1360) ONB patients in NCDB 1973–2014 ( n = 876)

2022 4

Retrospective national database review Retrospective national database review Retrospective national database review Retrospective regional database review Retrospective national database review Retrospective national database review Retrospective national database review

Yinet al. 72

2018 4

1. OS 2. DSS

1. Median age was 54 years 2. Unimodal age distribution most frequently occurred in the fifth to sixth decades of life 3. Age > 60 years was associated with poor OS The United States showed the highest proportion of patients under the age of 55 at over 30%, followed by Eastern Europe at over 27% 1. Median age was around 68 years in either gender 2. Age-specific rates had a peak over 60 years of age in both genders; however, rates began to increase at lower ages (25 years of age) 1. 49.4% patients were 60–79 years old 2. 4.3% patients were < 40 years old 3. 15.8% patients were ≥ 80years old Increased age was associated with poor survival 1. The median age of male SNM patients was 67 years 2. The median ages of SCC and adenocarcinoma were 68 and 65 years, respectively 3. The incidence in males rose sharply after the age of 45 years 4. Incidence in women rose steadily with age Increased age and distant metastasis were associated with decreased survival

Unsal et al. 119

1. OS 2. DSS

SNM patients in

2017 4

EUROCARE and SEER database 1990–2007 ( n = 16,853) Lombardy Region registry database 2008–2011 ( n = 210)

Mensi et al. 54

2013 4

SNM patients in

1. OS 2. Occupational exposure profile

Ansaet al. 32

1. OS 2. DSS

SNM patients in SEER database 1973–2015 ( n = 2553)

2013 4

Owet al. 71

2013 4

SNM patients in SEER database 1973–2015 ( n = 328)

1. OS 2. DSS

Kuijpens et al. 60 2012 4

1. OS 2. Occupational exposure profile

SNM patients in

Netherlands Cancer Registry ( n = 3329)

Elkon et al. 70

1979 4

Retrospective case series

ONB patients in single institution ( n = 97)

1. OS 2. DSS 3. Margin status effect on OS

Abbreviations: DSS, disease-specific survival; NCDB, National Cancer DataBase; ONB, olfactory neuroblastoma; OS, overall survival; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results; SNM, sinonasal malignancy.

D Occupational exposure Occupational exposures, including wood dust, metal, tex tile, and leather industries, have been attributed to tumori genesis in around 40% of all SNM, 30% of sinonasal SCC,

cases, removing the risk factor will greatly reduce the num ber of incidents in the population. The values of AF close to 0 indicate that the relative risk is low or that the factor is not prevalent, or both. Removal of such elements from the population will have little effect. 83