xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

20426984, 2022, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.22929, Wiley Online Library on [04/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

333

PATEL et al.

SS Sjogren’s syndrome (in autoim mune context) SS Sniffin’ Sticks (in olfactory test con text); SS-ID – Identification; SS-T – Threshold; SS-D – Discrimination; SS-TDI: combined T, D & ID

B. Safety..................... 345 C. Increased Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY . . . . . . . . 350 A. Olfactory Epithelium to Olfactory Bulb . . . 350 B. Olfactory Bulb to olfactory cortical structures 350 VI. INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE . . . . . . . 351 VII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 A. Sinonasal Inflammatory Disease. . . . . . . 351 1. Basic underlying mechanisms . . . . . . 351 2. RelatedtoCRS.............. 356 3. RelatedtoARorCRS. . . . . . . . . . . 361 B. PostviralLoss ................ 362 1. Non–COVID-19 related . . . . . . . . . . 362 2. COVID-19related. . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Conductive anosmia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 InjurytotheOE............... 368 OB infection and propagation to the CNS . . 368 Anosmia as a protective mechanism? . . . . 369 C. HeadTrauma ................ 369 D. Related to toxin exposure: environmental or work-related................. 370 E. Related to medications . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 F. Postradiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 G. Related to underlying systemic disease . . . 383 1. Autoimmune............... 383 2. Vitamin-mineral deficiency . . . . . . . 383 3. Endocrine related. . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 4. Renalfailure............... 393 H. Related to sinonasal or intracranial tumor . 397 I. Related to increasing age . . . . . . . . . . . 397 J. Related to neurodegenerative disease. . . . . 398 autism).................... 402 Schizophrenia.................. 402 Autism spectrum disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Obsessive-compulsive disorder . . . . . . . . . 402 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . . . . . 402 L. Related to seizures, migraine, or other headacheactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 M. Congenital.................. 471 N. Related to extremely high or low body mass index(BMI)................. 471 O. Relatedtosmoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 P. Idiopathic .................. 485 VIII. EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . 485 A. History and physical examination . . . . . . 485 B. Imaging ................... 488 1. CT of the paranasal sinuses . . . . . . . . 488 2. StructuralMRI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 3. Advanced MRI techniques (requiring research facility/environment) . . . . 495 4. Nuclear medicine techniques. . . . . . . 498 K. Related to other neurotransmitter disease states (eg, depression, schizophrenia, and

STT Smell threshold test S&S-T Snap & Sniff R threshold test S&T Smell and taste SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale Sx Symptom T Threshold T cells Tufted cells TBI Traumatic brain injury TD Tremor dominant THC Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol TLE Temporal lobe epilepsy

TNF- α Tumor necrosis factor alpha TOIT Thai Odor Identification Test TSPO 18kDa translocator protein TSS Toki-shakuyaku-san t-tau total tau protein TWSNOT-22 Taiwanese version of the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test T&T Toyota and Takagi olfactometer UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale UPSIT R University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test URI Upper Respiratory Infection VAS visual analogue scale VD Vascular dementia W week WM White matter WNL Within normal limits Table of contents I. INTRODUCTION................ 334 II. METHODS ................... 335 A. Topic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 B. IterativeReview............... 336 C. ICAR:OStatement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 III. DEFINITIONS................. 337 A. Anosmia and Hyposmia . . . . . . . . . . . 337 B. Parosmia................... 338 C. Phantosmia ................. 338 IV. INDIVIDUAL BURDEN OF OD . . . . . . . . 338 A. Psychological sequelae: Potential effects on interpersonal relationships and emotional state..................... 338 Emotionalstate ................. 338 Interpersonal relationships . . . . . . . . . . . 338