xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VIII.11 (Continued) Study Year LOE

Study design

Study groups 62 patients with

Clinical end point

Conclusions

QOD and B-SIT scores were abnormal, as were

QOD-NS B-SIT Gustatory symptoms: Likert scale Gustatory function:

Seo

2020 4

Single-center case series

et al 1260

mild COVID-19 symptoms,

measures of gustatory function in this cohort

admitted for surveillance

6-n-propylthiouracail, phenylthiocarbamide, and control strips

Desiato

2020 3

Prospective cohort

221 adult patients without otolaryngologic symptoms

SS-TDI QOD-NS Olfactory VAS De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale

Both OD and measures of loneliness were common

et al 1254

and correlated in a community-based sample of patients

Olfactory-related QOL was associated with SS, age, and self-assessed OD Patients with PIOD and PTOD had worse QOL than those with sinonasal OD and IOD impacts on patients, including in negative emotions, isolation, impaired relationships, OD has wide-ranging

Zou

763 adult patients QOD SS-TDI

2021

3

Prospective,

et al 1255

multicenter cohort from 8 S&T centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland Qualitative analysis of unstructured written patient accounts from an S&Tclinic

VAS for self-assessment

Erskine et al 30

2019 4

71 patients who contacted an S&Tclinic

Themes generated by

qualitative framework analysis of patient reports

and physical health, among other areas

BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; B-SIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; CRS = chronic rhinosinusitis; ESS = endoscopic sinus surgery; GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item; IOD = idiopathic olfactory dysfunction; LOE = level of evidence; LOT-R = Revised Life Orientation Test; OD = olfactory dysfunction; PIOD = postinfectious olfactory dysfunction; PTOD = posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction; QOD = Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders; QOD-NS = Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements; QOL = quality of life; S&T = smell and taste; SF-8 = 8-Item Short Form Health Survey; SF-36 = 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; SNOT-22 = 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; SS-ID = Sniffin’ Sticks identification only; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale; TDI = threshold, discrimination, and identification; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test;VAS = visual analog scale.

conglomerates, however, is difficult because the relation contributions of different types of tests are not possible, so the test measures must be viewed as heuristic. Blast injection tests are not recommended for threshold stimu lus presentation, as they confound trigeminal stimulation with olfactory sensitivity, fail to take into account normal aspects of sniffing, and do not have strong normative sup port of clinical value. Rating scales and analogous forms of suprathreshold tests (eg, magnitude estimation) are not recommended as sole measures of smell function largely because of their dependence on stimulus range, 1121 susceptibility to con text effects, 1122 lack of normative data, susceptibility to memory factors, 1123 and lesser sensitivity to OD asso ciated with age 1124 and a number of diseases (eg, schizophrenia 863 ). Although there are proponents of mag nitude estimation (eg, where numbers are assigned in pro

portion to the relative degree of intensity), more prac tical procedures such as labeled magnitude scales, in which verbal descriptors are placed along the scale in a seemingly ratio-like manner, have become popular. 1125 However, such scales have inherent limitations that most likely impact the comparison of their results between individuals. 1126 Among the tests evaluated in this section, a num ber exhibit acceptable reliability and some are commer cially available. Because of standardization and literature support, including normative data, we recommend that commercially available tests be considered for general use. However, some noncommercial tests are easy to fabri cate and therefore if staff are available for preparing them they can be appropriate as well, although normative data are largely lacking. Nonetheless, despite the availability of general normative data, collection of local norms is