xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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537

PATEL et al.

TABLE VIII.12 (Continued)

Primary end point Correlation of

Study

Year 2020

LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusions

Significant correlations of mucus protein concentration to TDI score CRSsNP Negative correlation: none Positive correlation: CXCL5 CRSwNP Negative correlation: CCL2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-10, IL-9, TNF- α , CCL5, and CCL11 Positive correlation: none revealed that only the “frailty” profile (includes high IL-1Ra, low IL-4, and low IL-13) with significantly higher odds of worse Significant correlations of mucus protein concentration to TDI score CRSsNP Negative correlation: TNF- α , IL-10 Positive correlation: none CRSwNP Negative correlation: IL-4 and IL-5 Positive correlation: none Multivariate logistic regression models identification and threshold testing

CRSsNP: 25 patients CRSwNP: 37 patients

Soler

4

Observational (cross sectional)

et al 183

olfactory mucus cytokine concentration to SS-TDI score

Darnell

2020

3

Individual cohort

2084 patients from NSHAP Association of

et al 1265

plasma cytokine concentration profiles with OD measured with theOFFE

Han

CRSsNP: 25 patients CRSwNP: 46 patients

Correlation of

2020

4

Observational (cross sectional)

et al 1264

olfactory mucus cytokine concentration to SS-TDI score

CDKN2A = cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; CCL = chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CLC = Charcot-Leyden crystal; CRP = C-reactive protein; CRS = chronic rhinosinusitis; CRSsNP = chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; CRSwNP = chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; CXCL5 = chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5; ECP = eosinophil cationic protein; EHLS = Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL = interleukin; LOE = level of evidence; NSHAP = National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project; OD = olfactory dysfunction; SS-T = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold only; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; TDI = threshold, discrimination, and identification; TNF- α , tumor necrosis factor α ; VEGF-A = vascular endothelial growth factor A. *For psychophysical testing (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT R ], threshold, discrimination, and identification [TDI] score, UPSIT R , San Diego Odor Identification Test [SDOIT], and Olfactory Function Field Exam [OFFE]): higher score indicates better olfactory function (OF). **For correlations: In correlating mucus protein concentrations to psychophysical testing, negative correlation indicates that higher concentrations of protein are associated with lower OF, whereas, positive correlation indicates higher concentrations of protein are associated with better OF.