xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE IV.2 Section evidence summary: Interpersonal relationships Study Year LOE Study design Population

Outcome

Conclusions

Men agreed on body odor attractiveness ratings, which were higher in women with higher estradiol and progesterone levels Exposure to body odor collected from senders of chemosignals in a happy state induced a facial expression and perceptual-processing Sniffing of tears related to reduced sexual appeal evaluation of women’s faces, reduced self-related arousal, reduced testosterone levels, as well as reduced brain activity related to sexual arousal activate brain areas related to processing of social emotional stimuli (fusiform gyrus) and regulation of empathy (insula, precuneus, cingulate cortex) style indicative of happiness in the receivers Anxiety body odors

Relation between body

Lobmaier et al 39

2018

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Healthy

odor attractiveness and reproductive hormones

individuals, menrating women’s body odor samples

deGroot et al 40

2015

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Healthy

Relation between

individuals

chemosignals (body odors sampled in a happy emotional state) and emotional reaction of the receiver

Gelstein et al 41

Relation between chemosignals (women’s tears) and emotional reaction of the receiver

2011

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Healthy

individuals, men sniffing women’s tears

Prehn-Kristensen et al 42

2009

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Healthy

Neural reactions in response to perception of chemosignals (body odors sampled in anxiety vs sport state)

individuals

Sorokowska,

Correlation between

2012

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Healthy

Link between body odor, personality traits, and dominance

Sorokowski, and Szmajke 43

self-rated odor donor personality traits and external judgments based on odor alone

individuals

for extraversion, neuroticism, and dominance

Wedekind et al 44

1995

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Healthy

Link between major histocompatibility complex, body odor, and attractiveness

More pleasant perception of body odors when major histocompatibility complex dissimilar; preference erased in women taking oral contraception Familiar odor (maternal milk/vanilla)

individuals, women rating men’s body odors

Rattaz

2005

2

Cross-sectional experimental

Full-term

Effectiveness of familiar and unfamiliar odors in soothing during routine heel-stick

et al 45

newborns

associated with reduced stress response

(Continues)