xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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355

PATEL et al.

TABLE VII.1 (Continued) Study

Year LOE Study design

Study groups 60 patients with

Clinical end point

Conclusions

Valsamidis et al 148

2019 3

Prospective

Septoplasty leads to

∙ SS-TDI ∙ NOSE ∙ QOD

case-control

septal deviation

improvement in smell perception and improved QOL switching occurs in human models of inflammation to promote immune analysis revealed that OD is associated with specific CRS endotypes characterized by severe nasal polyposis, tissue eosinophilia, andAERD defense over regeneration Mucus IL-2 levels, CT score, and AERD were independently associated with smell loss OD correlates with OC opacification and Lund-Mackay score in patients with CRSwNP but not those with CRSsNP inflammatory proteins are more often found in OC mucus of patients with CRSwNP and correlate with OD and opacification on CT Th2-related Olfactory stem cell Hierarchical cluster

25HCs

Chen

2019 5

Invitro

32 patients with CRS OE explants 17 HC OE explants

∙ CD45 + andCD3 + ∙ Beta-tubulin III ∙ Krt5 + p63 + ∙ CCL20

et al 169

Morse

2019 3

Prospective

CRSwNP (n = 61) CRSwNP (n = 49)

∙ UPSIT R ∙ Lund-Mackay

et al 182

cross-sectional

∙ Inflammatory cell counts ∙ OC cytokine bead assay

Loftus

2020 2

Prospective

CRSsNP (n = 73) CRSwNP (n = 75) HCs (n = 30)

∙ SS-TDI ∙ Lund-Mackay

et al 144

case-control

Soler

2020 3

Prospective

CRSwNP (n = 37) CRSsNP (n = 25)

∙ SS-TDI ∙ Lund-Mackay ∙ OC opacification ∙ OC cytokine bead assay

et al 183

cross-sectional

AERD = aspirin-related respiratory disease; BAST-24 = Barcelona Smell Test-24; CCCRC = Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center; CCL = chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CFD, computational fluid dynamics; CLC = Charcot-Leyden crystal; CRS = chronic rhinosinusitis; CRSwNP = chronic rhinos inusitis with nasal polyps; CRSsNP = chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; CT = computed tomography; ECP = eosinophil cationic protein; ECRS = eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis; HC = healthy control; IL = interleukin; LOE = level of evidence; Map5 = microtubule-associated protein 5; NOSE = Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation; NP = nasal polyp; NVF = nasal volume flow; OC = olfactory cleft; OD = olfactory dysfunction; OE = olfactory epithelium; OF = olfactory function; OR = olfactory receptor; OSN = olfactory sensory neuron; PEA = phenylethyl alcohol; PNIF = peak nasal inspiratory flow; PST = Pocket Smell Test; QOD = Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders; QOL = quality of life; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RSDI, Rhinosinusitis Disability Index; SF-36 = 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; SNOT-22 = 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; SS = Sniffin’ Sticks; SS-ID = Sniffin’ Sticks identification only; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; T&T = Toyoda and Takagi; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; VAS = visual analog scale; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

research suggests that disruption of both of these mecha nisms contributes to OD in the setting of sinonasal inflam mation. Sinonasal mucosal inflammation, and especially nasal polyposis, results in a conductive olfactory loss from phys

ical obstruction of airflow and anterograde restriction of odorants from accessing the OC. 138,139 Increased resistance to airflow has been associated with decreased perception of odor strength 140 that improves with nasal valve dilation. 141 Computational fluid dynamics in patients with CRS with