xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.9 Section evidence summary: Related to autoimmune disease Disease Study Year LOE Study design Study groups

Clinical end point Conclusions

The impact of primary SS on patients vs HCs was: smell standard mean deviation 0.78 (95% CI, 1.29–0.27) 45% with hyposmia Cyclophosphamide improved smell function

Standard mean deviation of

378 patients with primarySS

SS

Al-Ezzi

2017 2

Systematic

et al 394

review with meta-analysis

olfcactory ability from normal

compared with HCs

Henkin

1972 4

Cross-sectional 29 patients with SS and 10 patients with various other

Detection and recognition

et al 395

thresholds for pyridine, nitrobenzene, and thiophene

diseases of the parotid glands

All patients with SS had hyposmia, inflammatory

Jones

Forced-choice

1974 4

Case-control

14 female patients with SS and 16 controls

et al 396

three-stimulus sniff technique

changes in the nasal mucous membrane, andnasal accumulation of

99m technetium pertechnetate

Weiffenbach andFox 397

1993 4

Case-control

30 patients with SS and 16HCs

UPSIT R

Patients with SS scored worse than controls. The lower score of the patients showed a significant depression of olfactory sensitivity

Kamel

2009 4

Case-control

28 patients with SS and37HCs

UPSIT R

SS patients scored worse than HCs Taste and smell thresholds were correlated Association with reduced QOL

et al 398

Midilli

2013 4

Case-control

77 patients with SS and77HCs

5 component smell discrimination test

SS patients scored the same as controls Smell disorder was associated with nasal polyposis Olfactory scores were the same between SS and burning mouth syndrome groups No difference between groups was shown No correlation with mucociliary clearance

et al 399

Su

SS-TDI

2015 4

Case-control

15 patients with SS and 32 patients with burning mouth syndrome used as controls 36 patients with SS and 36 controls

et al 400

Rasmussen et al 401

1986 4

Case-control

Elsberg

olfactometer

(Continues)