xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.9 (Continued) Disease Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Clinical end point Conclusions

SS-TDI

Patients with

Tekeli

2015 4

Case-control

30 patients with

et al 442

myasthenia gravis showed significantly lower olfactory and gustatory scores than controls

myasthenia gravis and 30 controls

Olfactory loss

correlated with severity of the disease

Leon

2013 4

Literature review January 1950 through December 2012 Case-control

Case reports

NA

Myasthenia gravis was associated with olfactory impairment

Sarmiento et al 443

Neuromyelitis optica

Zhang

T&T olfactometer

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: 53% of patients with OD had smaller

2015 4

49 patients with neuromyelitis optica and 26 controls

et al 444

OBVs than patients without it or controls

Both detection and recognition

thresholds for olfaction were negatively correlated withOBV Patients with BD scored worse than controls scored worse on TDI and identification domains compared with controls Patients with BD scored worse than controls Parenchymal involvement led to worse scores Patients with BD

BD

Veyseller et al 445

2014 4

Case-control

30 patients with BD and 30 controls 50 patients with BD and 46 controls

CCCRC olfactory test

Akyol

2016 4

Case-control

SS-TDI

et al 446

Doğan

2017 4

Case-control

16 patients with BD and 16 controls

CCCRC olfactory test

et al 447

Mikuliczs disease

Takano

2011

4

Case series

44 patients with

T&T olfactometer

45% of patients had olfactory abnormalities Association of IgG4-positive

et al 448

Mikuliczs disease

plasmacytes in the nasal mucosa with olfactory abnormalities

B-SIT R = Brief Smell Identifiation Test; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BD = Behçet disease; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BVMT = Brief Visuospatial Memory Test; CCCRC = Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center; CI = confidence interval; COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test; CVLT-II = California Verbal Learning Test-II; EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; ERP = event-related potential; GPA = granulomatosis with polyangiitis; HC = healthy control; LOE = level of evidence; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MoCA = Montreal Cogni tive Assessment; MS = multiple sclerosis; NA = not available; NMO = neuromyelitis optica; OB = olfactory bulb; OBV = olfactory bulb volume; OD = olfac tory dysfunction; ODT = odor detection threshold; OF = olfactory function; PMS = progressive multiple sclerosis; SDMT = Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; QOL = quality of life; RRMS = relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SS = Sniffin’ Sticks; SSc = systemic sclerosis; T&T = Toyoda and Takagi; TDI = threshold, discrimination, identification; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; VAS = visual analog scale.