xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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396

INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.10 (Continued) Study Year

LOE Study design

Study groups

Clinical end point

Conclusions The significant

Cameron 468

Pregnant women with smell alteration

Measures of self-report, olfactory

2014

5

Literature review of the effects of pregnancy on olfaction

hormonal changes that take place during pregnancy can lead to hyperosmia, hyposmia, anosmia, and altered hedonistic response to odors usually temporary and resolve after delivery Among patients with DM, there was a significant trend to severe hypos mia/anosmia No association was observed between DM duration and prevalence of OD score worse on olfactory testing compared with controls, but only in groups with peripheral neuropathy neuropathy or neuropathic pain did not correlate with severity of OD Patients with DM Severity of These changes are

thresholds, odor identification, intensity and hedonic ratings, and disgust

Chan

2017

4

Cross-sectional

3151 total NHANES participants with noDM,DM

Following collection of data regarding self-reported OF

et al 469

conservatively managed, DM

controlled with oral medication, or DM controlled with insulin

SS-TDI

Brady

2013

3

Cohort

19HCs 19 patients with

et al 470

noncomplicated DM 15 patients with DM and neuropathy without neuropathic pain 21 patients with DM and neuropathy and neuropathic pain

Deniz

2016

2

RCT

Patients with primary hypothyroidism and31HCs

SS-TDI

Patients with primary

et al 471

hypothyroidism had olfactory deficits at baseline

Their olfaction significantly

improved after treatment with L-thyroxine at 3 months

BAST-24 = Barcelona Smell Test-24; EBR = evidence-based review; HC = healthy control; IGD = isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency; LOE = level of evidence; NA = not available; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OB = olfactory bulb; OD = olfactory dysfunction; OF = olfactory function; OE = olfactory epithelium; QOL = quality of life; RCT = randomized controlled trial; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.