xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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PATEL et al.

TABLE VII.11 Section evidence summary: Related to aging Study Year LOE Study design Study groups

Clinical end point

Conclusions

Healthy populations (varied recruitment methods)

Subjective and/or objective evaluation of OD

OD is greater with age, use of objective testing instead of subjective testing is more accurate, and expanded brief identification tests give better information OD on average starts in the fifth decade of life Decreased subjective recognition of OD withage OD overall prevalence 19.1%, increases with age OD overall prevalence 12.4%, and 39.4% in patients ≥ 80years, poor sensitivity of self-report

Desiato et al 33

2020 1

Meta-analysis and systematic review(25 studies)

Zhang

2017 1

Meta-analysis (13 studies)

Healthy adults: aged 30–39.9 years vs those 40–49.9 years and those aged 35–55 years vs > 55 years

Objective (UPSIT R , SS, BAST-24, B-SIT R )

et al 520

Adams

2017 2

Cross-sectional

NSHAP respondents

Subjective and objective (OFFE)

et al 543

Brämereson et al 125

2004 2

Cross-sectional

Adult inhabitants of Skövde, Sweden

Objective (SOIT)

Hoffman et al 122

2016 2

Cross-sectional

NHANES respondents

Subjective and objective (PST R )

Hummel et al 533

2007 2

Cross-sectional

Healthy children in Dresden, Germany

Objective (SS-TDI), ERPs) Children progressively attach more meaning to odors with age, improving identification

Kern

2014 2

Cross-sectional

NSHAP respondents

Subjective and objective (OFFE) Objective (National Geographic Smell Survey)

OD increases with age and male sex Odor detection and identification impaired with age OD overall prevalence

et al 130

Larsson

2000 2

Cross-sectional

Adult Swedish Twin Registry respondents

et al 535

Liu

2016 2

Cross-sectional

NHANES respondents

Objective (PST)

et al 123

13.5%, increases with age and higher in men

Masala

2018 2

Cross-sectional

Adult participants in Sardinia, Italy

Objective SS-TDI

Smell loss notable in patients > 55 years

et al 534

Mullol

2012 2

Cross-sectional

Newspaper readers in Catalonia, Spain

Subjective and objective (proprietary 4 scent test)

Odor detection declines with age, but recognition and identification increases up to the 4th decade and declines after the 6th Increased OD with age, male sex, minority status Best performance at 20 to 30 years, worst performance < 10and > 70years

et al 128

Noel

2017 2

Cross-sectional

NHANES respondents

Subjective and objective (PST R )

et al 333

Oleszk

2019 2

Cross-sectional

Healthy adults and children (multicenter)

Objective (SS-TDI)

iewicz et al 530

(Continues)