April 2020 HSC Section 4 - Plastic and Reconstructive Problems

Aesth Plast Surg (2015) 39:495–505

growth, increase osteogenesis, decrease adipogenesis, re- store cell senescence related markers, and resist the ox- idative stress in stem cells from aged mice. They suggested this delay in aging by showing differences in survival, weight, behavior, and gross morphology [ 26 ]. Notodihardjo et al. used a murine model to show that the sustained- release system of gelatin impregnated with P-PRP releasate can stimulate angiogenesis and accelerate wound healing compared with the single application of P-PRP [ 27 ]. Tak- abayashi et al. showed that intradermal injection of P-PRP- containing fragmin–protamine micro-nano particles pro- motes epithelialization and angiogenesis in split-thickness skin graft donor site wounds [ 28 ]. Kakudo et al. demon- strated the angiogenic potential of P-PRP treatment by observing an increase in new vessels around subcuta- neously implanted silicone cylinders in mice [ 6 ]. Sevim et al. showed that P-PRP pretreatment (especially the re- cipient site) accelerated composite graft survival by in- creasing epithelial regeneration and fibrosis, inducing neovascularization, and ameliorating apoptosis rates [ 29 ]. Kim et al. found that PRP injection significantly improved the surviving area of flaps in rabbits through angiogenic and arteriogenic effects [ 30 ]. In a rat model, Zheng et al. showed that acellular nerve allografts loaded with P-PRP as tissue-engineered scaffolds can enhance nerve regen- eration and functional recovery after the repair of large nerve gaps nearly as well as autografts [ 31 ]. Tajima et al. showed that transplantation of the adipose-derived stem cell and PRP mixture had dramatic effects on bone re- generation overtime [ 11 ]. Miao et al. looked at the effect of P-PRP on hair follicle reconstitution, and observed a significant difference in the number of newly formed follicles with 10 % PRP as well as a shortened time for hair formation [ 32 ]. Three in vivo studies looked specifically at the effects of L-PRP. Kawazoe et al. sought to compare the tissue aug- mentation effects of PRP to leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP). They found a greater augmentation effect in mice with L-PRP compared to PRP. The greatest effect was when b-FGF was added to L-PRP [ 33 ]. Giovanni et al. on the other hand, showed in four different studies published from 2010 to 2014 that use of PRP and L-PRP in animal cal- varial bone defects hindered bone deposition, enhanced fibrous tissue formation, and also enhanced type III to type I collagen ratio [ 34 – 37 ]. Three in vivo studies looked specifically at the effects of PRFM. Chen et al. demonstrated that both adipose-derived stem cells and platelet-rich fibrin facilitate the repair of defects in maxillofacial soft tissue in irradiated minipigs, and their combined use is more effective than their use alone [ 38 ]. Kim et al. showed that the addition of P-PRP, PRF, and concentrated growth factor had significantly in- creased bone formation in a healing rabbit skull defect at

Table 1 continued

In vitro

Animal

Human

Takabayashi et al. [ 28 ]

x

Chen et al. [ 38 ]

x

Sevim et al. [ 29 ]

x

Kim et al. [ 39 ]

x

Giovanni et al. [ 34 ]

x

Zheng et al. [ 31 ]

x

Sclafani [ 58 ]

x

Schiavone et al. [ 59 ]

x

Cervelli et al. [ 60 ]

x

Khatu et al. [ 61 ]

x

Gawdat et al. [ 53 ]

x

Reksodiputro et al. [ 40 ]

x

Kim and Gallo [ 56 ]

x

and survival of fat grafts implanted into mice scalps after treatment with P-PRP [ 18 ]. Pires et al. showed an increased number of adipocytes in fat grafts treated with P-PRP after implantation to rabbit ears [ 19 ]. Nakamura et al. showed significantly decreased fat resorption of P-PRP-treated fat grafted into rats [ 20 ]. Rodriguez-Flores et al. also found an increase in the maintenance of fat grafts treated with P-PRP in rabbits [ 21 ]. Li et al. concluded that fat grafts consisting of P-PRP and 10 5 /mL adipose-derived stem cells consti- tuted an ideal transplant strategy, as it resulted in decreased absorption, increased volume retention, adipocyte area and capillary formation, and accelerated fat regeneration [ 22 ]. Por et al. reported on no effect with P-PRP treatment in survival of fat graft in mice [ 23 ]. Chandra et al. examined the histologic effects of au- tologous platelet gel (APG or P-PRP) on skin flap healing. Prior to suture closure, APG was placed in the wound bed of one paramedian dorsal flap while contralateral flap served as a control. Histologic analysis of punch biopsies at 1, 2, and 3 weeks revealed an increased overall inflam- mation in the APG wounds, which was significant at week 3; despite this increase in inflammation, no significant differences were observed in the degree of fibrosis or collagen deposition between the types of wounds [ 24 ]. Most recently, Jeon et al. were able to show an increase in composite graft viability after injection with P-PRP. Chondrocutaneous ear grafts were injected with either P-PRP or normal saline. Twelve days after grafting, graft viability in the P-PRP group was higher than in the control group. Blood perfusion, the number of CD31 positive blood vessels, and VEGF expression levels were all sig- nificantly increased in the PRP group [ 25 ]. Liu et al. argued that P-PRP could potentially delay aging in an animal model by demonstrating that monthly bone marrow injections of P-PRP could promote cell

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