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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE VI.B-3. Evidence for the effects of pet dander exposure (in utero and early childhood exposure) on the development of allergic rhinitis * Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Type of exposure Conclusion a Early exposure to animal danders as a protective factor for AR (Level 2b studies listed. Level 3b studies referenced. 522, 523, 525-528, 533, 535, 1530 ) Lodge et al. 534 2012 2b Prospective birth cohort 620 children (12 years old) with a family history of allergic diseases Exposure to cats or dogs at birth Borderline protective factor for hay fever (OR 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–1.02). Stronger protective effects if children of non-sensitized fathers (OR cats alone 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2– 0.8); (OR cats or dogs 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8). Alm et al. 531 2011 2b Prospective birth cohort 4465 children (4.5 years old); 246 children with current AR Exposure to cats at 1 year Protective factor for AR (unadjusted OR 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4–0.8, not significant in multivariate analysis). Lampi et al. 532 2011 2b Prospective birth cohort 5509 adults (31 years old) Exposure to farm animals (cows, pigs, sheep, poultry, minks) Borderline protective factor for AR ever (OR 0.9; 95% CI, 0.7–1.03). Exposure to cats or dogs at age less than 7 years old Borderline protective factor for AR (OR cat 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7–0.96); (OR dog 0.9; 95% CI, 0.8–1.01). Perzanowski et al. 529 2008 2b Birth cohort 257 children (5 years old) from African American or Dominican mothers Cat ownership (up to age of health outcomes) Protective factor for AR at 5 years old (OR 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.9). Nafstad et al. 524 2001 2b Birth cohort 2531 children (4 years old) Exposure to cats at birth Borderline protective factor for AR (OR 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2–1.4). Exposure to dogs at birth Borderline protective factor for AR to grass/pollen (OR 0.8; 95% CI, 0.4–1.6). Early exposure to animal dander as a risk factor for AR (All studies Level 3b. 523, 530, 536-542 ) No association with AR at 7 years old (OR prenatal 0.4; 95% CI, 0.06–3.6); (OR perinatal 0.9; 95% CI, 0.2–3.9). Prenatal (at 3rd trimester of pregnancy) and perinatal (at 1 year) dog exposure No association with AR (OR prenatal, AR at 13 years old 0.9; 95% CI, 0.2–4.3); (OR perinatal, AR at 7 years old 0.9; 95% CI, 0.1–7.4). Illi et al. 517 2014 2b Prospective birth cohort 513 children (5 years old) from PAULA study Cat allergen exposure at 3 months (measured as allergen levels in the living room floor and in the mother’s or child’s mattress) No association with current AR (OR not reported as value, only in figure). Kellberger et al. 550 2012 2b Prospective population-based cohort 2,810 adolescents (15–18 years old) Pet (cat, dog, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit) ownership at 0–1 years old Lodrup-Carlsen et al. 552 2012 2b Prospective birth cohort 22,840 children (6–10 years old)

Early exposure to animal dander is not associated with AR (Level 2b studies listed. Level 3b studies referenced. 528, 530, 536, 538, 539, 543-546, 548, 551, 553, 554 ) Schoos et al. 518 2016 2b Prospective birth cohort 399 children (7–13 years old) from COPSAC study Prenatal (at 3rd trimester of pregnancy) and perinatal (at 1 year) cat exposure No association with incidence/persistence of physician diagnosed AR. Pet (cat, dog, bird, rodent) ownership at 0–2 years old No association with AR (OR cat only 1.02; 95% CI, 0.8–1.3); (OR dog only 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6–1.1); (OR cat

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.