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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript study

Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion Tischer et al. 657 2011 2b Nested case control study

Inconsistent results. Microbial exposures at home had different effects on allergy in German and Dutch birth cohorts. No effect on allergies.

Microbial count much higher and sensitization much lower in Russia. High count of microbes associated with less atopy.

Exposure to endotoxin protective in over 50% of studies. Endotoxin may be marker of other protective factors.

Low microbial diversity associated with asthma later in childhood. No association with sensitization or rhinitis.

Association of rhinitis and asthma with mattress dust biological components of mold and endotoxin

Association of sensitization with microbial content in drinking water samples from school kitchens

Association of AR with probiotic supplementation to pregnant mothers, breast-feeding women, or infants

Association of sensitization with exposure to endotoxin

Association of sensitization, asthma and AR with fecal diversity in infancy

678 children at the age of 6 years from German (n = 346) and Dutch (n = 332) birth cohorts

563 children aged 7–16 years in Finnish and Russian Karelia

29 randomized controlled trials in infants

Simpson & Martinez 656 2010 3a Review (2000–2007): 6 rural studies; 10 urban studies Abrahamsson et al. 442 control study

47 infants (n = 20 IgE-associated eczema; n = 27 healthy controls) followed until 7 years of age

and meta-analysis

von Hertzen et al. 660 2007 2b Cross-sectional Cuello-Garcia et al. 658

2015 3a Systematic review

2014 3b Longitudinal case

AR = allergic rhinitis; GABRIELA = GABRIEL Advanced Survey; IgE = immunoglobulin E; LOE = level of evidence; PARSIFAL = Prevention of Allergy-Risk Factors for Sensitization Related to Farming and Anthroposophic Lifestyle; SR = systematic review.

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.