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Wise et al.

Page 353

Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion 2 Placebo (n = 17)

Significantly lower values of CD31 and VEGF-C expression were observed in non-allergic compared with non-treated allergic and patients treated with mometasone.

The presence of local Foxp3(+)CD25(+) cells in the nasal mucosa, their increase after AIT, and their association with suppression of seasonal allergic inflammation support a role for T-reg cells in the induction of allergen-specific tolerance.

Recruitment of CD1a+ Langerhans cells to the nasal mucosa during seasonal allergen exposure may contribute to local T-cell responses.

Compare by histochemical staining with anti-CD31 and VEGF-C the

vascularization of the nasal mucosa of non-allergic, non-treated allergic, and allergic patients treated with mometasone.

Effect of AIT on the numbers of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) and Foxp3(+)

CD25(+) T-cells in and out of season and expression of IL-10 in nasal mucosa.

Effect of allergen exposure on nasal antigen-presenting cell and epithelial CD1a+ Langerhans cells, CD68+ macrophages, and CD20+ B-cells.

1 Mometasone (n = 30); 2 Control (n = 30);

3 Untreated (n = 30)

1 AIT (n = 13);

2 Control (n = 9)

1 Fluticasone (n = 23); 2 Control (n = 23)

AR (n = 90):

SAR to grass pollen (n = 22):

SAR to grass pollen (n = 46):

control

control

control

Study Year LOE

2013 3b Case

2008 3b Case

Till et al. 1113 2001 3b Case

Kujundzić et al. 1111

Radulovic et al. 1112

AIT = allergen immunotherapy; AR = allergic rhinitis; DBRPCT = double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; ICAM = intercellular adhesion molecule; IgE = immunoglobulin E; IL = interleukin; LOE = level of evidence; PAR = perennial allergic rhinitis; RPCT = randomized placebo-controlled trial; SAR = seasonal allergic rhinitis; SBRPCT = single-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; T-reg = T-regulatory cell; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.