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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE VIII.I-2. Study

design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion

Treatment with budesonide, but not AIT, decreased the number of CD1a+, IgE+, and Fc ε RI+ cells.

Mometasone use associated with reduced olfactory eosinophilic inflammation and improved AR symptoms.

Inhibition of CCL5-dependent recruitment of cells to diseased tissue, reduced cell proliferation, and general cell apoptosis, but not increased eosinophil apoptosis, are involved in early phase steroid-induced resolution of AR.

Xin-yi-san exerts diverse immunomodulatory effects, including suppression of serum IgE levels and increased production of IL-10, sICAM-1, and IL-8 compared to placebo group.

AIT increases CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cell infiltration in the nasal mucosa following allergen challenge after seasonal ragweed-pollen.

The number of eosinophil peroxidase-positive staining cells significantly increased in the

placebo-treated patients but not in the actively treated patients.

Local upregulation of IL-16 expression contributes to the inflammation observed in seasonal AR.

Improvement in symptoms after grass pollen AIT may result from inhibition of IL-5-dependent tissue eosinophilia during the pollen season.

Comparison of anti-CD4, CD8, anti eosinophil peroxidase, anti-human neutrophil lipocalin, and antibodies against IgE and Fc ε RI.

Measurement of the number of CD1a+, IgE+, and Fc ε RI+ cells during birch pollen season.

Measurement of olfactory function and histological analysis of the olfactory region.

Mucosal eosinophilia, apoptotic eosinophils, and expression of CCL5 and CCL11 (eotaxin).

To determine the effectiveness of Xin-yi san in the treatment of AR and

investigation of its molecular mechanism of anti-allergic activity.

To determine the in vivo effect of short course AIT on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells in the nasal mucosa of ragweed sensitive subjects.

Comparison of IL-16 expression during the pollen season in actively vs placebo treated patients.

Relationship between symptomatic improvement after AIT and eosinophil

numbers and IL-5 expression in the nasal mucosa during the pollen season.

1 Mometasone (n = 10); 2 Placebo (n = 7)

1 Budesonide (n = 10); 2 Placebo (n = 11)

1 Chinese herbal Xin-yi-san (n = 62); 2 Placebo (n = 38) 1 AIT;

Asai et al. 1106 2008 1b RPCT SAR to ragweed (n = 19): 1 AIT (n = 12); 2 Placebo (n = 7)

2 Budesonide

1 Omalizumab (n = 19); 2 Placebo (n = 11)

Pullerits et al. 1109 2001 1b RPCT SAR to grass pollen (n = 21): 1 Beclomethasone (n = 16); 2 Placebo (n = 5)

Wilson et al. 1110 2001 1b RPCT SAR to grass pollen (n = 37): 1 AIT (n = 20);

SAR to birch (n = 41):

(double

dummy)

Studies investigating allergic rhinitis pathophysiology by nasal histology from biopsies Study Year LOE Sivam et al. 1103 2010 1b DBRPCT SAR (n = 17): Uller et al. 1104 2010 1b DBRPCT SAR to grass or birch (n = 21) Rak et al. 1107 2005 1b DBRPCT Plewako et al. 1108

Yang et al. 1105 2010 1b DBRPCT PAR to dust mite or animal epithelia (n = 100):

2002 1b SBRPCT SAR to grass (n = 30):

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.