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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE X.H.

Evidence for the association between allergic rhinitis and cough Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion He et al. 1994 2016 2b Cohort, prospective nonrandomized AR patients (n = 2713) sIgE, questionnaire D. pteronyssinus was the most common offending allergen. The occurrence cough increased with increasing AR severity. Passali et al. 1986 2011 2b Individual cohort 159 patients from 9 otolaryngology and pulmonary centers Standardization of diagnostic approach for rhinobronchial syndrome Increased frequency of rhinobronchial syndrome with allergic disease (37.9% vs 20.9%). Cough was a frequent symptom (96%). Krzych-Falta et al. 1989 2015 3b Case-control 1 AR (n = 30); 2 Control (n = 30) Safety evaluation of nasal allergen challenge Chakir et al. 1991 1996 3b Case-control 1 Nonasthmatic subjects with SAR (n = 8); 2 Allergic asthmatics (n = 6); 3 Controls (n = 5)

In early phase of allergic reaction, extranasal symptoms were observed (cough, breathlessness), especially in PAR patients.

Content of type I and III collagens was increased in rhinitic subjects compared with controls, suggesting active structural remodeling in the lower airways of AR patients.

Patient and physician surveys Report of cough symptom: COPD (73%), followed by asthma (61%), rhinosinusitis (59%), AR (47%). Cough as the main reason for seeking medical care: COPD (43%), asthma (33%), rhinosinusitis (13%), and AR (11%). Survey regarding symptoms, healthcare resource utilization, work productivity, activity impairment. Cost analysis.

Asthma was the most frequent primary diagnosis followed by AR, COPD, and rhinosinusitis. 33.5% patients were diagnosed with combinations of the 4 respiratory diseases.

AR was the most frequent primary diagnosis (31.2%). Cough was the primary reason for the medical visit for patients with asthma and COPD. Nasal symptoms were the primary reasons for AR and rhinosinusitis. Natural pollen exposure is associated with an increase in lymphocyte numbers, eosinophil

recruitment, and IL-5 expression in the bronchial mucosa of nonasthmatic subjects with SAR.

Both HDM and OVA-sensitized groups showed a significantly enhanced nasal reactivity and cough response compared with controls. The airway

resistance data did not show significant differences.

Symptoms of AR induced by intranasal application of 15 μ L 0.5%

Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of collagens, laminin, and fibronectin in bronchial biopsy specimens

Survey regarding symptoms, healthcare resource utilization, work productivity, activity impairment.

Chakir et al. 1990 2000 4 Case series Adults with SAR, nonasthmatic (n = 12) Immunohistochemistry and cytokine expression of bronchial biopsy specimens.

HDM and cough challenges with citric acid. Airway resistance measurements.

Cho et al. 1993 2016 4 Case series Patients ages ≥18 years with asthma, AR, COPD, or rhinosinusitis (n = 5250)

Ghoshal et al. 1988 2016 4 Case series Patients aged ≥18 years with asthma, AR, COPD, or rhinosinusitis (n = 1,000)

Lin et al. 1987 2016 4 Case series Patients aged ≥18 years with asthma, AR, COPD, or rhinosinusitis (n = 1001)

Buday et al. 1992 2016 5 Bench research 30 guinea pigs divided into the HDM sensitized group, OVA-sensitized group, and control group

AR = allergic rhinitis; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDM = house dust mite; IL = interleukin; LOE = level of evidence; OVA = ovalbumin; PAR = perennial allergic rhinitis; SAR = seasonal allergic rhinitis; sIgE = allergen-specific immunoglobulin E.

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.