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72

KUANetal.

TABLE IX.1 (Continued)

Clinical endpoints 1. Regional

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusion

2013 4 a

1. SUVmax of primary tumor did not correlate with T staging or metastasis 2. PET for SNM may be limited to cases with a high suspicion of metastatic disease 1. PET/CT is more sensitive and specific than CT for the detection of metastasis 2. PET/CT is valuable for staging 1. Level II is the first site of cervical metastasis in ONB 2. Levels I and III and RPLNs are often involved. 3. RPLN is present in 43% of patients with cervical lymphadenopathy 4. Cervical metastatic nodes are solid, enhance with contrast, and have moderate to high FDG avidity 5. Retropharyngeal space should be examined in all patients with ONB 1. PET/CT, MRI, and CT were concordant in initial staging for regional LNs 2. PET/CT is useful for assessing distant metastasis in initial staging and restaging 3. PET/CT may be more useful in assessing regional metastasis in restaging than in staging 4. PET/CT is of limited value in patients moderate FDG uptake of their primary tumor FNAB cytology is useful and accurate in the diagnosis of both primary sinonasal tumors and regional and distant metastatic sites 1. Incidence of RPLN ≥ 8mmin long axis on CT: four out of 25 (16%) 2. CT(with < 5-mm cuts): useful to detect RPLN (Continues) and re-staging SNMM to evaluate expansion of the primary tumor, LCR, and distant metastasis

Ramakrishnan et al. 222

Retrospective cohort

Patients with SNM ( n = 51)

metastasis

2. Distant

metastasis

Haerle et al. 212

2012 4

Retrospective case series

Patients with SNMM ( n = 10)

N/A

Howell et al. 206

2011

4

Retrospective case series

Patients diagnosed

1. Cervical nodal

withONB( n = 48)

metastasis

2. Nodal

imaging char acteristics

Wildet al. 221

2006 4

Retrospective case series

Patients diagnosed with sinonasal, orbital, and

PET/CT use in identifying regional and distant metastasis

pterygopalatine or infratemporal fossa tumors undergoing PET/CT ( n = 21)

Helsel et al. 225

Value of FNAB cytology to

2003 4

Retrospective case series

FNAB cytology from primary and metastatic sites of patients diagnosed with sinonasal cancers ( n = 20) Patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma ( n = 25)

diagnose sinonasal tumors and their metastasis

Watarai et al. 205

1993 4

Retrospective case series

Incidence and useofCT in detecting RPLN