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138

KUANetal.

TABLE XVI.2 (Continued)

Clinical endpoints

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusion

Sahnane et al. 96

1. High-risk HPV present in 13% of sinonasal IP-associated SCC 2. EGFR mutations in 72% of sinonasal IPs, 30% of sinonasal IP-associated SCCs, and 17% of SCCs not related to sinonasal IPs 3. LINE-1 hypomethylation significantly increased from papilloma/early-stage SCC to advanced-stage SCC All patients with sinonasal IP and sinonasal IP-associated SNSCC demonstrated either an EGFR mutation or HPV infection 1. HPV was not detected in any sample of IP but was detected in two of seven (29%) of SCCs that were not associated with sinonasal IPs 2. P16 correlated with high-risk HPV 1. HPV was present in 18.9% of IP and 100% of IP associated with SNSCC 2. InHPV + IP cases, HPV6/11 was detected, as compared to HPV + IP-associated SNSCC cases where HPV16/18 was detected 1. Low-risk HPV subtypes may predispose progression of IP into malignancy 2. Increase in EGFR expression associated with low-risk HPV-associated IP

1. Determine

2019 3

Retrospective cohort

25 patients with

the presence ofHPVDNA 2. Quantitative determina tion of LINE-1 methylation

sinonasal IP, five patients with oncocytic sinonasal papilloma, and 35 patients with SCC

Udager et al. 667

2018 3

Retrospective cohort

58 patients with

Identifya

sinonasal IP, 22 with sinonasal IP-associated SNSCC (13 patients have matched benign IP samples), and 14 patients with SNSCC without evidence of an IP

relationship between HPV infection and activating EGFR mutations

Rooper et al. 662

Directly visualize transcription ally active high-risk HPV to assess its role in development and progression of sinonasal IPs

2017 3

Retrospective cohort

30 patients with

benign IP, seven patients with IP

with dysplasia, 16 IP with transformation, and seven nonkeratinizing SCCs that are not associated with IP

Jalilvand et al. 752

2016 3

Retrospective cohort

Benign IP ( n = 37)

Prevalence of

versus IP associated withSCC( n = 3)

HPV types in benignand malignant IP in an Iranian population

Scheel et al. 753

2015 3

Retrospective cohort

112 samples from 90 patients with IP

1. Determine the

prevalence of HPV infection additional staining for p16, p53, EGFR, and cyclinD1

2. Conduct

(Continues)

there is a large subset of HPV-associated sinonasal SCC, which show high-risk HPV infection and diffuse p16 immunostaining. 662,667 In addition, the recently described HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma shows

a strong association with high-risk HPV (i.e., type 33). This, however, is morphologically distinct from the above due to characteristic myoepithelial differentiation and frequent cribriform growth pattern reminiscent to ACC. 643,662,667