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140

KUANetal.

TABLE XVI.2 (Continued)

Clinical endpoints

Study

Year LOE Study design Study groups

Conclusion

Liuet al. 755

1. 47 out of 80 (58.8%) sinonasal IPs were HPV associated, most common HPV-11 (20/53, 37.7%) 2. Phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal

1. Rates of HPV infection in sinonasal IP as compared tocontrol 2. Differences in phosphory lated Akt and phosphory latedS6 ribosomal protein staining

2017 4

Case–control

80 sinonasal IP tissue samples and 40 control tissue samples

protein increased in HPV + sinonasal IP

Stasikowska Kanicka et al. 756

2016 4

Case–control

41 patients with

Expression of epithelial to

1. The expression of Slug and fibronectin was significantly increased in the SNSCC group as compared to sinonasal IPs and to controls 2. Expression of E-cadherin was significantly lower in SNSCCs as compared to sinonasal IPs and to controls. 1. KRAS mutations were present in 51 out of 51 oncocytic sinonasal papilloma- and five out of five (100%) of oncocytic sinonasal papilloma-associated SNSCCs 2. KRAS mutations present in one out of 19 (5%) of SNSCCs with no known IP association 1. Recurrent cases and higher Krouse stage had increased rates of HPV infection 2. Stronger expression of stathmin, Kif2a, and cyclin D2 was seen in sinonasal IP, especially HPV + cases Activating EGFR mutations play an important role in the pathogenesis of sinonasal IP and sinonasal IP associated SNSCC

sinonasal IP, 33 patients with

mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins including Slug, E-cadherin, and fibronectin

sinonasal SCC, and 22 control patients with normal mucosa

Udager et al. 658

Identify KRAS mutations present in different

2016 4

Case–control

111 sinonasal

papilloma patients, 27 sinonasal papilloma associated SNSCC, and 19 sinonasal SCC with no known IP association

disease groups

Linet al. 757

2016 4

Case–control

28 patients with

1. Role of HPV infection in sinonasal IP 2. Roleof

sinonasal IP versus 10 control patients

stathmin in sinonasal IP

Udager et al. 659

Identify EGFR mutations present in different

2015 4

Case–control

Inverted sinonasal

papilloma ( n = 50), inverted sinonasal papilloma associated SNSCC ( n = 22), and other sinonasal squamous lesions ( n = 35)

disease groups

(Continues)

However, in diagnostically challenging cases, IP and asso ciated sinonasal carcinoma can be differentiated from de novo sinonasal SCC by the presence of either low-risk HPV or somatic EGFR mutation. 643,662,667

An in-depth histopathologic understanding of sinonasal papillomas is crucial for diagnosis and clinical manage ment of these tumors. Given recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular basis for IPs and