xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

20426984, 2022, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alr.22929, Wiley Online Library on [04/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

414

INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.12 (Continued)

Study design Study groups

Clinical end point

Topic

Study

Year LOE

Conclusions

Schofield et al 623

UPSIT R

2012 3

Cohort

14 probable AD 13MCI, no dementia 29HCs

Anticholinergics exaggerate cognitive decline in AD, presumably reflecting less cholinergic capacity Authors hypothesized that intranasal atropine should decrease UPSIT R scores more in cognitively at-risk patients and, in turn, impact episodic memory The decrement from the “anticholinergic challenge” was 31% in HCs, 92% in MCI with no dementia, and 86% in AD They suggest this test might provide an inexpensive screen for preclinical AD At 3-year follow-up, lower test scores present in CD than in non-CD SS-D but not SS-ID significantly predicted CD At baseline, 40% of MCI had normal ID scores; all HCs were normal The olfactory-impaired MCI had higher PEA thresholds than the olfactory normal MCI and controls, but OM was the same 47% of olfactory-impaired MCI and 11% of non-OI MCI patients converted to AD over a 2-year period AD and MCI scores lower than HCs, with AD being lower than MCI AD had more apathy than MCI andHCs SS-ID correlated negative with apathy scores Authors reported that all 18 AD had poorer PBT performance on the left than the right side of the nose, and that the performance on the right side of the nose was the sameasHCs

Sohrabi et al 624

2012 3

Cohort

308 participants aged 46 to 86 years

SS-TDI Cognitive

measure decline

Conti et al 625

67MCI 46HCs

UPSIT R PEA threshold OMtest

2013 3

Case

control and cohort

Seligman et al 626

2013 4

Case

172AD 112MCI 132HCs

SS-ID

control

Stamps et al 627

2013 4

Case

18AD 29HCs

PBT

control

(Continues)