xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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428

INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.12 (Continued)

Study design Study groups

Clinical end point T&T thresholds

Topic

Study

Year LOE

Conclusions

Li et al 429

40.5% of MS and 51.5% of patients with neuromyelitis optica exhibited smell dysfunction Dysfunction associated with smaller OBs, with NMO having the smallest ones gray matter atrophy noted in MS inright parahippocampal gyrus and piriform cortex Neuromyelitis optica atrophy within the orbitofrontal cortex and right superior frontal gyrus activity within 12 months, recovered in the absence of relapse, and was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk of relapse Deterioration of discrimination and ID was irreversible and both strongly associated with and predictive of EDSS progression UPSIT R performance decreased in MS, with secondary-progressive and cognitively impaired MS patients showing most impairment Scores on a number of cognitive tests were related to the olfactory scores Olfactory threshold correlated with number of relapses per year before assessment and shorter disease duration Odor discrimination and ID, and their sum, correlated with longer disease Discrimination and ID worsened over 3-year period Threshold impaired in patients with relapse

2018 4

Case

37MS 37with

control

neuromyelitis optica

Bstehet al 430

2019 3

Cohort

151MS 30HCs

SS-TDI

Carotenuto et al 431

2019 4

Case

55MS 20HCs

UPSIT R Cognitive

control

measures

Bstehet al 686

2020 3

Cross

260MS

SS-TDI Cognitive

sectional

measures OCT measures

duration, higher EDSS, and reduced cognitive function

(Continues)